The Arroyo Hondo Skeletal and Mortuary Remains
abandonment, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi-xvii
accidental deaths: and age classes at Arroyo Hondo, 37; and description of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 7, 18, 20-21; and location of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 93; and skeletal pathologies at Arroyo Hondo, 38, 41. See also trauma
Acsádi, G. Y., 96
age: and accidental deaths at Arroyo Hondo, 37; and age categories for individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 101-51; age grading and prehistoric social organization at Grasshopper Pueblo, 51; criteria for determination of, 95-96; of individuals in Component I and Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23. See also age-status model; children; life expectancy
age-status model, and mortuary practices of present-day Tewas, 52-54, 71. See also ethnographic age-status model
agriculture: as basis of economy at Arroyo Hondo, xii; and settlement history of Rio Grande region, ix-x. See also dietary stress; food; plant remains
Alfred Herrera site, and comparative study of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 65-76
anemia, and iron deficiencies in infants and children, 44, 45, 47
Arroyo Hondo Project, xvii-xviii
Arroyo Hondo Pueblo: Arroyo Hondo Pueblo Project and research on, xvii-xviii; description of, x, xii-xvii; genetic analysis of discrete cranial traits and population affinities of, 171-80; status of at peak of population, ix. See also burials; Component I; Component II; skeletal and mortuary remains
arthritis, 75, 103, 108, 119, 121-24, 133, 136-38, 149, 165
artificial cranial information, during infancy, 22
Awatovi site, 175, 176, 177, 178
Binford, Lewis, 49
biological distance, and population affinities, 173, 179
blankets, and grave accoutrements, 16, 57, 71. See also clothing
body positions: and burials at Arroyo Hondo compared to other Pueblo sites, 68-69, 70; and descriptions of individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 101-51; and summaries for Component I and II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 7-8, 15. See also head orientation
bowing, of long bones: and calculation of average stature, 24, 42, 45-46; and information on individual burials, 102, 106, 114-15 , 119, 138, 140, 142, 144, 150; and summary of skeletal pathologies from adult burials at Arroyo Hondo, 166-69. See also long bones
Brown, James A., 49
burials, at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo: comparison of to other Pueblo sites, 65-76; disturbance of by pueblo occupants, 26; excavation of, 3-5; information on individual, 101-51; and isolated remains, 26-27, 151-57; key to symbols used for on plans, 82; skeletal information from, 21-26. See also body position; grave accoutrements; locations; mortuary practices; skeletal and mortuary remains
ceramics: and chronology of comparative sites, 66; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi; and grave accoutrements, 16, 58, 59, 71, 159
ceremonial statuses, and grave accoutrements, 59-63
children: and age-status model of Tewa mortuary practices, 52; and body position of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 7-8; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 58, 63; and evidence for iron deficiency anemia in skeletal remains, 44, 45, 47; grave accoutrements and mortuary treatment different from adults, 71, 72; and information from individual burials, 103-111, 113-14, 116-18, 120-21, 125-28, 130-33, 138-40, 142-46, 148, 150-51; and isolated remains, 155-57; key to symbols indicating burials of, 82; mortuary practices and belief in reincarnation of, 50; and skeletal pathologies in burials at Arroyo Hondo, 25, 41-42. See also infant(s); infant mortality
chi-square test, and evidence of age grading, 54-58, 59
Clark, Geoffrey A., 51, 61, 63
climate: and agriculture at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xii; and dietary stress, 29-30; and increases or decreases in population, 29; and settlement history of Rio Grande region, ix-x; tree-ring evidence for fluctuations in, 29. See also drought
clothing, and historic mortuary practices of Pueblos, 50. See also blankets
comparative studies, of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites in northern Rio Grande region, 65-76
Component I, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo: body positions and head orientation of burials, 15; and burials in plaza areas, 8-10; and burials in roomblocks, 10-11; and burials in trash deposits, 12; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xiv-xv, xvi; differences in mortuary practices of Component II from, 27-28; and locations of formal burials and accidental deaths, 8, 81, 83, 85-89, 92-93; skeletal pathologies in burials from, 25, 41-43; summary of grave accoutrements from burials during, 160-63; summary of skeletal information from burials during, 23-25
Component II, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo: body positions and head orientation of burials, 15; and burials in plazas, 13; and burials in roomblocks, 13; and burials in trash deposits, 14; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi; differences in mortuary practices from Component I to, 27-28; and locations of formal burials and accidental deaths, 8, 81, 84, 90, 93-94; skeletal pathologies in burials from, 25-26, 43; summary of grave accoutrements from, 163-64
composite life tables, 31, 32-33, 34, 46
corn. See plant remains
cranial metrics, 100
cranial traits, and population affinities of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo, 171-80
cranial vault periostitis, 75
cribra orbitalia, 41-43, 45, 107, 127, 129, 139-40, 146, 151, 166-69
death, skeletal pathologies and determination of causes of, 38. See also accidental deaths; infant mortality; life expectancy; mortality schedules
demography, and conclusions drawn from skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 30-37. See also population
Dennis, Wayne, 44
dental development and eruption, and age criteria, 95
dental disease, 75, 136, 142
dietary stress: and climate, 29-30; and infant-child mortality, 75-76. See also food; nutrition
differential diagnosis, and skeletal pathologies, 38, 46
disease. See anemia; arthritis; dental disease; health status; pathologies
divergence, and biological distance between populations, 173, 179
drought, and abandonment of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvii. See also climate
Dubos, Rene, 37
Dwight, Thomas, 96
Eggan, Fred, 49
Ellis, Florence Hawley, 49-50, 61
El-Najjar, Mahmoud, 44
endocranial lesions, 41, 43, 45, 109, 127-29, 134, 139, 146, 166-69
endocranial suture closure, and age determination, 96
epiphyseal union, and age determination, 95, 96
ethnographic age-status model, mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo as test of, 54-63. See also age-status model
Euler, Robert, 30, 43
exocranial periostitis, 119
exotic materials. See rare items
food: and burial practices at Arroyo Hondo compared to other Pueblo sites, 71; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 61; and mortuary practices of modern Pueblos, 50-51. See also nutrition; plant remains
Forked Lightning Pueblo, and comparative study of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 65-76
gender: and comparison of burials at Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 74; and criteria for adult sex determination, 96; of individuals in Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23, 24; of individuals in Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23; and information from individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 101-51; key to symbols for burials and, 82; and sexual differences in expression of discrete cranial traits, 172-73
general skeletal porosity, 42, 43, 45, 166-69
genetics: and similarity of Arroyo Hondo population to Tewa-Tano, 75, 179, 180; and statistical analysis of discrete cranial traits for study of population affinities of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo, 171-80
Genovés, Santiago, 97
Giusewa site, 174, 176, 177, 178, 180
Grasshopper Pueblo, 51, 61
grave accoutrements: and Arroyo Hondo burials compared to other Pueblo sites, 69, 71-72; and description of Component I and II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 16-17, 20; detailed summary of from Arroyo Hondo, 159, 160-64; and differences between mortuary practices of Component I and II at Arroyo Hondo, 28; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 57-63; and information from individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 102, 105-21, 125, 127-30, 131, 133-36, 138-44, 145-48, 150; variable preservation of organic at Arroyo Hondo, 8, 66, 96
Halona site, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179
Hawikuh site, 175, 176, 177, 178
head orientation: and Arroyo Hondo burials compared to other Pueblo sites, 68-69, 70; and descriptions of Component I and II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 8, 15; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 55, 56; and historic mortuary practices of modern Pueblos, 50; key to symbols for burials and, 82
health status, difference in subadult and adult age groups indicated by burials from Component I period, 25. See also nutrition; pathologies
Hooton, E. A., 43, 74
Hopis and Hopi sites, 44, 175, 176, 178, 180
identification numbers, for skeletons or isolated bones, 5
infant(s): and artificial cranial deformation, 22; breastfeeding of and iron deficiencies, 44, 45, 47; descriptions of individual burials of fetuses and, 105-107, 109-11, 117, 125-34, 138-41, 143, 145-48, 150-51, . See also children; infant mortality
infant mortality: and comparison of burials at Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 72; and demographic characteristics of prehistoric southwestern populations, 30; high rate of indicated by Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23; as indicator of poor nutrition and dietary stress, 43, 45, 76; and mortality curve for Arroyo Hondo, 36-37. See also life expectancy
iron, bone content of and skeletal pathologies, 43, 44, 45, 47
isolated remains, and description of skeletal materials from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 26-27, 151-57
Jemez sites, 174, 175
Keres sites, 176
Kidder, Alfred, 68-69, 71
kivas: burials in and possibility of accidental deaths, 20; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi
Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) two sample test, and evidence of age grading, 54-58, 59
Krogman, W. M., 96
Kuaua site, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179
Kunitz, Stephen, 30, 43
Lambert, Marjorie, 66, 67
Lang, Richard W., 66
Lange, Charles, 67, 72
life expectancy: and demographic characteristics of prehistoric southwestern populations, 30-31; and mortality curves for Arroyo Hondo, 36. See also age; infant mortality
locations, of burials: comparison of in Components I and II at Arroyo Hondo, 27; comparison of Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 67-68; and description of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 8-14, 81-94; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 55, 56. See also plazas; roomblocks; trash deposits and middens
long bones, measurements of, 97-98. See also bowing
Lovejoy, C. Owen, 23
Mackey, James, xix, 21, 22, 97
male-female sex ratio, of Component I burials, 23-24. See also gender
malnutrition. See nutrition
Maltby, J. R. D., 96
mats, and grave accoutrements, 16, 19, 57, 58, 71
Mera, H. P., 176
mica, and grave accoutrements, 61, 62
migration, role of in population dynamics at Pueblo sites, 36
mortality schedules, and composite life tables, 34
mortuary practices: and age-status model of present-day Tewa, 52-54; and burials at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo as test of ethnographic age-status model, 54-63; differences in between Component I and Component II, 27-28; ethnographic and historic accounts of Pueblo, 49-52 . See also burials; grave accoutrements; skeletal and mortuary remains
National Geographic Society, xvii
National Science Foundation, xvii
Nelson, Nels C., 3-4, 18, 77-79
Nemeskéri, J., 96
nutrition: and difference in health status of adults and subadults, 24-25; evidence for deficiencies in from skeletal pathologies at Arroyo Hondo, 37-47, 72, 75-76; and summary of skeletal pathologies from adult burials at Arroyo Hondo, 165, 166-69. See also dietary stress; food
orientation. See body position; head orientation
ornaments. See rare items; turquoise
Ortiz, Alfonso, 3, 50, 53, 60, 61-62
osteochondroma, 126
osteolysis, 38, 39-40
osteoma, 108, 149
osteomyelitis, 75
osteosclerosis, 39-40
Paa-ko Pueblo, and comparative study of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 65-76
paint, on bodies before burial, 11, 17, 60, 63, 71
paleopathology, and etiologic relationships between skeletal conditions and specific disease processes, 38
Palkovich, Ann M., xviii, xix, 46
Parsons, F. G., 49, 50, 96
pathologies, skeletal: and comparison of Arroyo Hondo burials to other Pueblo sites, 75; influence of nutrition on, 37-47, 72, 75-76; and skeletal information from Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 24-25, 28; and skeletal information from Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 25-26, 28; summary of conditions observed in adult skeletons from Arroyo Hondo, 165, 166-69. See also arthritis; bowing, of long bones; cribra orbitalia; endocranial lesions; paleopathology; periostitis; porotic hyperostosis
Pearson, Karl, 96
Pecos Mission, 175, 177, 178, 179
Pecos Pueblo: and comparative study of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 65-76, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179; porotic hypertosis in skeletons from, 43
periosteal infection, 121
periostitis, 75, 103, 105, 112, 125-26, 130, 134, 141, 146
personal possessions, and mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 50, 61
Phenice, T. W., 96
Pindi Pueblo, 65-76, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180
pine branch, and grave accoutrements, 61, 62
plant remains, and grave accoutrements, 17, 159. See also agriculture; food; vegetational zones
plazas: and comparison of burials at Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 67; and Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 8-10, 85-89, 92-93; and Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 13, 90, 93-94; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xii; identification numbers for skeletons or isolated bones from Arroyo Hondo, 5; letter designations referring to, 82
population: climate and increases or decreases in, 29; relationship of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo to other probable Tewa-Tano Puebloan sites, 171-80; role of migration in dynamics of at Pueblo sites, 36. See also demography
porotic hyperostosis, 41, 43-44, 110, 116, 118, 127-29, 131, 143, 147-48, 150-51, 166-69
Pottery Mound site, 175, 176, 177, 178
preservation, of skeletal remains and organic grave accoutrements, 8, 66, 96
projectile points, and grave accoutrements, 17, 61, 62
public symphysis changes, and age determination, 96
publication series, on Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvii-xviii
Pueblos: comparison of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo to other sites in northern Rio Grande region, 65-76; and ethnographically known details of mortuary practices, 49, 50-52, 63; population affinities of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo to other probable Tewa-Tano sites, 171-80; role of migration in population dynamics of, 36. See also Arroyo Hondo Pueblo; Grasshopper Pueblo; Hopis and Hopi sites; Paa-ko Pueblo; Pecos Pueblo; Pindi Pueblo; Tijeros Pueblo; Zuni sites
Puye site, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180
rare items, in grave accoutrements, 58, 59, 61, 71. See also ravens; red ochre; turquoise
ravens, and grave accoutrements, 17, 61, 62
red ochre, 60. See also paint
Reed, Erik, 1
reference model life tables, 34, 35, 37
Rio Grande’s Pueblo Past (film), xvii
Rio Grande region: comparison of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo to other Pueblos sites in northern, 65-76; earliest farming settlements in northern, ix-x; locations of historic and prehistoric pueblos in northern, xi
ritual, and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices, 61. See also grave accoutrements; mortuary practices; symbolism
roomblocks: and Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 10-11, 85-89, 93; and Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 13, 90, 94; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xii; identification numbers for skeletons or isolated bones and, 5; number designations referring to, 82; symbols for types of on plans of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 81
San Cristobal site, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179
Sangre de Cristo Mountains, x
Sapawe site, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180
Saxe, Arthur, 49
School of American Research, 1, 4-5, 7
Schull, W. J., 96
sex ratio. See gender
skeletal growth and development, and age determination, 95
skeletal information, summary of for burials from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 21-26. See also age; gender; pathologies; stature
skeletal and mortuary remains, from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo: comparison of to other Pueblo sites in northern Rio Grande region, 65-76; and demography, 30-37; and description of burials, 7-28, 77-79; detailed information by individual burial, 101-51; differences in preservation of grave accoutrements and, 8, 66, 96; excavation of burials at, 3-5; introduction to, xviii-xix; and isolated remains, 26-27, 151-57; and mortuary practices as test of ethnographic age-status model, 49-63; nutrition and disease in pathologies observed from, 37-47; objectives for study of, 2-3; statistical analysis of cranial traits and study of population affinities of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo to other probably ancestral Tewa-Tano Puebloan sites, 171-80. See also burials; mortuary practices; pathologies
social organization: and age grading at Grasshopper Pueblo, 51; and age-status model of present-day Tewa, 52
spondylolysis and spina bifida, 125, 136
spongy hyperostosis, 127, 129
squash. See plant remains
Stallings, W. S., Jr., 66, 67, 71, 72
statistical tests, and evidence of age grading, 54-58, 59
stature: and comparison of burials at Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 74; and Component I adult burials at Arroyo Hondo, 24, 28, 99; and Component II adult burials at Arroyo Hondo, 25, 28, 99; standards for measurements and estimates of, 97, 99
stone tools: and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi; and grave accoutrements, 71
Stubbs, Stanley, 66, 67, 71, 72
symbolism: and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 63; and mortuary practices among modern Pueblos, 50. See also Ritual
Tano: and archaeological sites included in study, 175, 176, 178; genetic relationship of Arroyo Hondo population to, 75, 179, 180
Tewas: and age-status model of mortuary practices, 52-54, 63, 71; and archaeological sites included in genetic analysis, 175, 176, 178; genetic relationship of Arroyo Hondo population to, 75, 179, 180
Thieme, F. P., 96
Tijeras Pueblo, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179
Tiwa sites, 176, 178, 179, 180
Towa sites, 175, 176, 178, 180
trash deposits and middens: Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo in, 12, 93; Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo in, 14, 94; and isolated remains at Arroyo Hondo, 26
trauma, and skeletal pathologies, 39, 75. See also accidental deaths
tree-ring evidence, for climate fluctuations, 29
turkey pens, in plazas, 13
turquoise, and grave accoutrements, xvi, 71
Ubelaker, Douglas, 96
Vallois, Henri, 97
vegetational zones, in region of Arroyo Hondo, xii, xiii. See also plant remains
violence, lack of skeletal evidence indicating, 20-21
Washburn, S. L., 96
Weiss, Kenneth, 31, 34, 36, 46, 72
Wendorf, Fred, 1
Zaino, Edward, 43
Zuni sites, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180