Index of All Nine Monographs

The Contemporary Ecology of Arroyo Hondo New Mexico

abandonment, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xi, 78

Abert’s squirrel (Sciurus aberti), 133-34

adobe, 11

agriculture:  and climate change, 14; climate and potential for in study area, 46-48, 78; and water supply in Arroyo Hondo area, 9.  See also domestic vegetational zone; growing season

Alluvial Land soil type, 52

alluvial materials, 18, 19

alpine tundra and meadows, 13-14, 95-103

amphibians, species observed in study area, 122-23

Ancha formation, 18, 19, 20, 24-25

Ancho Clay Loam, 52

andesite rock, 11, 18-19

animals:  and food sources in environment of Arroyo Hondo, 10, 78; and forest fires, 111; observations of species in study area, 177-36.  See also amphibians; birds; mammals; reptiles

Apache Canyon, 119-20

Apache plume (fallugia paradoxa), 66

aquifers, 23

architectural materials, sources of in environment of Arroyo Hondo, 10-11

Arizona fescue grass (Festuca arizonica), 102

Arroyo de los Chamisos, 119

Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 20

Arroyo Hondo fault, 19, 20

Arroyo Hondo Pueblo (LA 12), viii:  abandonment of, xi, 78; and agriculture, 9, 14, 46-48, 78; climate of, 27-48, 77-78; delineation of study area, 2-3; and food resources, 78, 95; geology of, 16-20; history and background of archaeological research at, ix, xi, 1, 78-79; hydrology of, 21-25; location of, ix, x; and overview of environment, 6-14; physiography of, 15-16; soils of, 49-55; vegetational zones beyond study area as seasonal resources of food and raw materials for, 95; vertebrate species observed at, 117-36.  See also ecology

aspen (Populus tremuloides), 106

Austin, James M., 27, 33, 35

 

badger (Taxidea taxus), 136

Bailey, F. M., 117

Baldwin, Brewster, 20

basaltic rock, 12

bats (Chiroptera spp.), 131

beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), and agriculture, 47, 78

big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), 66

biotite, 11

birds, species observed in study area, 124.  See also animals

Bishop’s Lodge member, of Tesuque formation, 19

black bear (Ursus americanus), 136

black-capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus), 129

black-headed grosbeak (Pheucticus melanocephalus), 130

black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), 132

blue grama grass (Bouteloua gracilis), 10, 65, 66, 108.  See also grama grasses

bluegrass (Poa spp.), 102, 106

blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus), 125

blue spruce (Picea pungens), 102

Bluewing soil type, 53

bobcat (Lynx rufus), 136

Bohemian waxwing (Bombycilla garrula), 130

breccia zones, 19

broomweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), 65

brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), 130

brown towhee (Pipilo fuscus), 131

Bsk climates, 27

burrowing owl (Speotyto cunicularia), 127

 

cacti (Opuntia spp.), 113

Caja del Rio Mesa, 6, 12

Calabasas-Tetilla-Caja soil group, 112

caliche layer, and Piedmont Soil III, 55

Cañada Corral, 119

Cañada de los Alamos Grant, 121

Cerrillos Fine Sandy Loam, 53

Chamisos fault, 19-20

chert, 11

Chimayo-Carcajo soil type, 104

Chimayo Stony Loam, 53

chipmunk (Eutamias spp.), 133

Clark’s nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), 129

clay soils, as architectural material, 11

cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota), 128

climate:  and agriculture, 14, 46-48; of alpine tundra and spruce-fir associations, 99-102; and climate change, 14, 78; definition of, 27; dynamics of, 44-46; extremes and variations in, 39-44; and humidity, 38; influence of mountains on, 6, 27, 77; of mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests, 105, 108; and patterns of precipitation in Santa Fe area, 27-33; of shortgrass plains association, 112; and temperature, 33-35, 36-37; and winds, 38-39  See also drought; growing season; precipitation

clover (Trifolium spp.), 106

cobbles, 11

collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris), 123

common crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), 128

common nighthawk (Chordeiles minor), 127

common raven (Corvus vorax), 128

Cooper’s hawk (Accipiter cooperii), 125

corkbark fir (Abies lasiocarpa), 102

corn (Zea mays), and agriculture, 47, 78

cotton, and agriculture, 47

coyote (Canis latrans), 135

currant (Ribes cereum), 66

 

deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), 135

desert cottontail (Sylvilagus auduboni), 132

Dickson, D. Bruce, Jr., 2

domestic vegetational zone, 57, 73, 76

Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia), 106

downy woodpecker (Dendrocopos pubescens), 127

dropseed (Sporobolus spp.), 113

drought, 33, 47, 78.  See also climate change; precipitation

dwarf juniper (Juniperus communis), 102

 

eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus), 123

ecology, of Arroyo Hondo study area:  and danger of climate change, 14; overview of environment, 6-14; and physiography of study area, 15-16; research design and methodology for study of, 1-5; summary of and conclusions on, 77-79.  See also animals; climate; geology; hydrology; plants; soils

edible plants:  in domestic vegetation zone, 73; and food from environment in Arroyo Hondo region, 9-10; list of species identified from vegetation communities in study area, 81-94; as percentage of total plant collection, 5, 57; in piñon-juniper vegetation zone, 60

Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), 102, 106

evapotranspiration, 38

evening grosbeak (Hesperidphona vespertina), 130

experimental gardens, 47

 

faults, and geology, 19-20

fauna.  See animals

Findley, James S., 117

fires.  See forest fires

Five Mile Loam, 52

flora.  See plants

food, sources of in environment of Arroyo Hondo region, 9-10, 78, 95.  See also agriculture; animals; edible plants

foothills, 14, 15, 16

Foothills Soil I, 51, 52-53

Foothills Soil II, 51, 53

forest fires, 60, 64, 108, 111

four-wing saltbrush (Atriplex canescens), 66

Freirer-Marreco, Barbara, 5

fringed bromegrass (Bromus ciliatus), 102

frost, and growing season, 39, 112

 

Galisteo Creek, 121

Galisteo formation, 18

galleta grasses (Hilaria jamesii), 113

Gallina Arroyo, 118, 121, 122

Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), 66, 106, 108

Gambel’s quail (Lophortyx gambelii), 126

Garcia, Francis, 5

garter snake (Thamnophis sp.), 124

Gehlbach, F. R., 117

geology:  and stratigraphy, 16, 18; and structural features, 19-20; and timetable, 17See also mountain(s); soil(s)

geranium (Geranium richardsonii), 102, 106

Glorieta Baldy, 120

Glorieta Mesa, 13

gneiss, 11, 16

golden-mantled ground squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis), 133

gopher snake (Pituophis catenifer), 124

grama grasses (Bouteloua spp.), 113

granite, 11, 16

gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), 135

gray-headed junco (Junco caniceps), 131

great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), 126

groundwater, 23-25.  See also springs

growing season:  and climate of study area, 39; in mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests, 104-105; in shortgrass plains association, 112; in spruce-fir vegetation zone, 99, 102.  See also agriculture

Gulf of Mexico, and climate of study area, 28, 43-44

Gunnison’s prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni), 133

 

hairy woodpecker (Dendrocopos villosus), 127

Hall, E. R., 117

Harrington, J. P., 5

Haurwitz, Bernard, 27, 33, 35

herbaceous plants:  in piñon-juniper vegetational zone, 63; in rabbit brush community, 70-71; in riparian community, 74-75

house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus), 131

hummingbird (Trochilidae), 127

Hutchins, Charles R., 5

hydrology:  and groundwater, 23-25; and surface water, 21-23

 

Idaho, fire effects on wildlife in, 111

Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides), 113

irrigation wells, 24

 

Jemez Mountains, 6, 12

juniper (Juniperus monosperma), 11.  See also piñon-juniper vegetational zone

 

Kearney, Thomas H., 5

Kelley, N. Edmund, xii, 64, 117, 118

Kelson, K. R., 117

killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), 126

Kirk, Donald R., 5

Krenetsky, John C., 59

 

La Bajada Mesa, 6

Lamb, H. H., 33, 39, 45

Lang, Richard W., 3, 64, 117

Laporte-Rock outcrop complex, 54

Laramide orogeny, 19

Leege, Thomas A., 111

leopard frog (Rana pipiens), 123

lesser earless lizard (Holbrookia maculata), 123

Lewis’s woodpecker (Asyndesmus lewis), 127

limber pine (Pinus flexilis), 106

Lindsey, A. A., 5, 59

long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata), 136

 

Majada-Apache-Montoso soil type, 112

mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), 124

mammals, species observed in study area, 131-36.  See also animals

Martin, William C., 5

medicinal plants:  list of species identified in vegetation communities of study area, 81-94; as percentage of total plant collection, 5

methodology, and research design for study of ecology of Arroyo Hondo site, 1-5

Mexican duck (Anas diazi), 124

microenvironmental analysis, 3

Mirabal Stony Loam, 52

Mirabel-Supervisory soil type, 104

mixed conifer forest, 57, 97, 104-11

mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos), 129

mountain(s), and mountain ranges:  influence of on climate of Arroyo Hondo region, 6, 27, 77; and precipitation in study area, 27-28.  See also Jemez Mountains; Sandia Mountains; Sangre de Cristo Mountains; Thompson Peak

mountain bluebird (Sialia currucoides), 130

mountain brome (Bromus marginatus), 108

mountain chickadee (Parus gambeli), 129

mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus), 106, 108

mourning dove (Zenaidura macroura), 126

muhly (Muhlenbergia spp.), 113

mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), 10, 136

muscovite, 11

 

Nambe-Katherine soils, 97-98, 99

National Science Foundation, ix, xi

Nuttall’s cottontail (Sylvilagus nuttalli), 131-32

 

obsidian, 12

one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma), 66

Ord’s kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordi), 134-35

Oregon junco (Junco oreganus), 131

ornate box turtle (Terrepene ornata ornata), 123

 

Pacific ocean, influence on climate of study area, 28, 43, 44, 46

Panky Fine Sandy Loam, 54

peavine (Lathyrus spp.), 106

Peebles, Robert H., 5

peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), 125

physiography, of Arroyo Hondo study area, 15-16

phytosociological study, 5

Piedras Negras fault, 19-20

Piedmont section, 15-16, 18, 25

Piedmont Soil I, 51, 53-54

Piedmont Soil II, 51, 54

Piedmont Soil III, 51, 54-55

pine dropseed grass (Blepharoneuron tricholepis), 108

pingue (Hymenoxys richardsonii), 65

piñon jay (Gymorhinus cyanocephala), 128-29

piñon-juniper vegetational zone, 6, 14, 57, 58-65, 77

piñon pine (Pinus edulis), 11

plain titmouse (Parus inornatus), 129

plants:  adaptation of cold-tolerant or short-life-cycle types to mixed conifer forests, 105; dominant species in alpine tundra and spruce-fir vegetational zones, 102, 103; dominant species in mixed conifer forests, 106, 107; dominant species in ponderosa pine forests, 108, 109-10; dominant species in shortgrass plains association, 112-13, 114-15; list of species identified from vegetation communities of study area, 81-94; major vegetational zones of study area, 57; and methodology for ecological study, 5; most abundant species in regrowth vegetation, 64-65; as supplemental food supply, 78.  See also agriculture; edible plants; herbaceous plants; medicinal plants; shrubs; trees; vegetational zones

plateau whiptail (Cnemidophorous velox), 123

Pojoaque-Panky association, 53

Pojoaque-Rough Broken Land complex, 54

polar outbreaks, 40

polar sea ice, 45-46, 47

ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), 11, 66, 106, 108

ponderosa pine forest, 104-11, 120

ponderosa pine-piñon-juniper vegetational zone, 57, 65-66

population, peak of at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 78

porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum), 135

Potter, Loren D., 5

Precambrian prehistory, 19

precipitation:  in alpine tundra and spruce-fir vegetational zones, 99, 100; and groundwater, 24; influence of mountains on, 77; in mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests, 105, 108; patterns of in Santa Fe area, 27-33.  See also climate; drought; snowfall; thunderstorms

pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana), 10

pueblos:  cultural history of northern Rio Grande Valley and emergence of large during fourteenth century, ix; definition of territories of, 2

pumice, 19

pussy toes (Antennaria parvifolia), 102

 

quartz, 11

 

rabbit brush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), 66, 113

rabbit brush vegetational zone, 57, 66-67, 69, 70-71

raccoon (Procyon lotor), 136

red fox (Vulpes vulpes), 135

red-shafted flicker (Colaptes cafer), 127

red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), 134

red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), 125

red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), 130

reptiles, species observed in study area, 123-24.  See also animals

research design, and methodology of study of ecology of Arroyo Hondo site, 1-5

“Rio Grande’s Pueblo Past, The” (film), xi

Rio Grande Valley:  emergence of large pueblos and cultural history of northern, ix; environment of beyond Arroyo Hondo study area, 12, 13; and vegetational zones, 7

riparian vegetational zone, 57, 67, 72, 73, 74-75

rivers.  See riparian vegetational zone; Santa Fe River

roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), 127

Robbins, W. W., 5

robin (Turdus migratorius), 129-30

Rockland and Chimayo soils, 52

rock squirrel (Spermophilus variegatus), 133

rock wren (Salpinctes obsoletus), 129

Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum), 66, 108

Rocky Mountain red elder (Sambucus racemosa), 106

ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis), 124

rufous-sided towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), 131

runoff, and surface water, 21-23

Russian thistle (Salsola kali), 113

 

sage (Salvia spp.), 113

sampling stations, for faunal species, 118-21

Sandia Mountains, 6

Sangre de Cristo Mountains, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, 77.  See also alpine tundra and meadows; spruce-fir association

Santa Fe group, 20

Santa Fe-La Fonda association, 53

Santa Fe River, 12-13, 119

Santa Fe-Rock complex, 53

scaled quail (Callipepla squamata), 125-26

schist, 16

Schulman, Edmund, 33

scrub jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens), 128

seasonality, and vegetational zones beyond study area as resources for Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 95.  See also summer; winter

sedges (Carex spp.), 102

Seton Village fault, 19-20

shortgrass plains association, 96, 112-15

short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma douglassi), 123

shrub(s):  and forest fires in mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests, 111; species in piñon-juniper vegetational zone, 62; species in ponderosa pine-piñon-juniper vegetational zone, 66; species in rabbit brush community, 69; species in riparian community, 72

shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa), 102

side-oats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), 108

Silver-Pojoaque association, 53-54

skunk (Spilogale putorius or Mephitis mephitis), 136

snakeweed (Gutierrezia lucida), 65

snowberries (Symphoricarpos spp.), 106

snowfall:  average for in study area, 41; and spruce-fir vegetation zone, 99; and water supply, 24.  See also precipitation; winter

snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), 132

soil(s):  and agriculture, 78; of alpine tundra and meadows, 95-98; classifications of, 49-50; and clay as architectural material, 11; major types of, 50-55; of mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests, 104, 108; of shortgrass plains association, 112; of spruce-fir association, 98-99

Soil Conservation Service (SCS), 3, 49

solar radiation, and temperature, 33, 35

southern pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae), 134

sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius), 125

Spiegel, Zane, 20

spotted ground squirrel (Spermophilus spilosoma), 133

springs, and water supply, 23, 25, 77, 78

spruce-fir association, 13-14, 95, 98-103

squash (Cucurbita spp.), and agriculture, 47

squirreltail grass (Sitanion hystrix), 108

Stacy, Harold G., 3, 117, 121, 126, 131, 132, 135, 136

Stellar’s jay (Cyanocitta stelleri), 128

stratigraphy, 16, 18

streamflow:  and groundwater, 23-24; and surface runoff, 23

study area, delineation of for ecology project, 2-3, 4

summer, and climate of study area, 29, 35, 42-44.  See also seasonality

surface water, and hydrology, 21-23

“sustaining area,” delineation of for Arroyo Hondo, 2.  See also seasonality

Swainson’s hawk (Buteo swainsoni), 125

Sweet, Muriel, 5

 

temperature:  in alpine tundra and spruce-fir vegetational zones, 99, 101, 102; and climate of study area, 33-35, 36-37, 40; in mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests, 105, 108; in shortgrass plains vegetation zone, 112

Terrace Deposits, 49, 51, 52

territory, and delineation of area for study of Arroyo Hondo ecology, 2

Tesuque formation, 18, 19, 20, 24-25

thermal low, 43-44

Thompson Peak, 120

thunderstorms, 28, 44

tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum), 122

tools, materials for in environment of Arroyo Hondo region, 11-12

Townsend’s solitaire (Myadestes townsendi), 130

Trauger, Fred D., 23, 33

trees:  species in piñon-juniper vegetational zone, 61; species in ponderosa pine-piñon-juniper vegetational zone, 68See also forest fires; mixed conifer forest; ponderosa pine forest

Trewartha, Glenn T., 27, 28, 38, 40

turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), 126

turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), 125

turquoise, 12

type B (Bsk) climates, 27

 

University of New Mexico (Albuquerque), 5

 

Van Denburgh, J., 117

vegetation.  See plants

vegetational zones:  list of plant species identified in study area, 81-94; major types in study area, 57; seasonal importance beyond study area as resources for Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 95; transect of from Rio Grande Valley to Sangre Cristo Mountains, 7See also alpine tundra and meadows; domestic vegetational zone; mixed conifer forest; piñon-juniper vegetational zone; ponderosa pine forest; ponderosa pine-piñon-juniper vegetational zone; rabbit brush vegetational zone; riparian vegetational zone; shortgrass plains association; spruce-fir association

velocity, of wind, 38-39

vertebrates.  See amphibians; animals; birds; mammals; reptiles

vetches (Vicia spp.), 106

volcanic materials, 19

Von Eschen, G. F., 35, 38

 

water supply:  and agriculture in Arroyo Hondo area, 9; and choice of village site in Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 8; and springs, 23, 25, 77, 78; and surface water, 21-23.  See also hydrology

water table, and groundwater, 24

western bluebird (Sialia mexicana), 130

western coachwhip (Masticophis flagellum leneatulus), 124

western hognose snake (Heterodon nasicus), 124

western rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis), 124

western spadefoot toad (Scaphiopus hammondi), 122

western tanager (Piranga ludoviciana), 130

White, William, 24

white fir (Abies concolor), 106

winds, and climate of study area, 38-39

winter:  and climate of study area, 28, 35, 39-42, 45-46; in mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests, 105.  See also seasonality; snowfall

winter fat (Eurotia lanata), 113

wolfberry (Lycium pallidum), 66

Woodhouse’s toad (Bufo woodhousei), 123

Woodin, Howard E., 5, 59

Woodmansee, Robert G., 5

woodrat (Neotoma spp.), 135

Wright, Charles, 64

 

yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis), 106

The Arroyo Hondo New Mexico Site Survey

abandonment:  of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo in Classic Period, 34, 35, 42, 76-77; of La Bajada Mesa in Classic Period, 65; of natural districts in Coalition Period, 63, 69, 73, 75; and water supplies in northern Rio Grande region, 66

absolute data, and site weight index, 27

aggregation, of populations in primary and secondary natural districts during Coalition Period, 75

agriculture:  and canyon at edge of La Bajada Mesa, 61; development of intensive practices in Coalition Period, 74-75, 76; and environmental stress during Coalition Period in northern Rio Grande region, 73; and landforms on top of La Bajada Mesa, 62; in main and upper Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 56, 62; in Middle Arroyo Hondo drainage, 59-60, 63; and natural districts in Rio Grande region, 66; and Rio Grande floodplain and terraces, 49, 51, 62; in Santa Fe River Canyon, 53, 62; success of in Developmental Period, 36, 40; and sustaining area for Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 80, 85; in Tetilla Canyon, 57-58, 63; transition to in northern Rio Grande region, 70-71.  See also maize; water and water supplies

Agua Fria, sites in vicinity of, 124-25

Albuquerque area, 6

Allen, Joseph, 119

Appraisal of Tree-ring Dated Pottery in the Southwest, An (Breternitz 1966), 21

Archaic lithic sites, 29-30

Arroyo de los Chamisos, 82

arroyo flows, as intermittent water sources, 18, 51

Arroyo Hondo Canyon.  See Middle Arroyo Hondo drainage; Upper Arroyo Hondo Canyon

Arroyo Hondo Pueblo:  abandonment of in Classic Period, 34, 76-77; and artifactual analysis, 20-22; ceramic inventory from, 111-15; culture history of in context of northern Rio Grande prehistory, xii, 2; delineation of sustaining area, 79-85; description of sites immediately beyond sustaining area of, 117-25; description of natural districts, 43-62; establishment of survey areas, 17-19; field procedures for site survey, 19-20; interpretation of prehistory of, 67-70; location of, x; model of settlement change, 62-66; monographs on and authors, xi-xii; occupational hiatus during middle of fourteenth century, 123; and population history of study area, 36-42; results of site survey by chronological period, 29-36; and site weight index, 22-27; survey objectives and research design, 2-4; test and full-scale excavations , ix

 

Bandelier, Adolph, 6

Bannister, B., 3, 7, 73, 76, 118, 119

Binford, Lewis R., 21

Birdsell, J. B., 64

Boserup, Esther, 74

Breternitz, David A., 13, 14, 21, 22, 120, 121, 124

buffer zones, and sustaining areas, 82

 

Cañada Ancha, 56, 80, 81, 82, 117

Cañada de los Alamos, 81, 119

carrying capacity:  and environmental stress on agricultural production in northern Rio Grande region during Coalition Period, 73, 75; and population growth in natural districts, 64, 69

Carter, George F., 15

ceramics:  and Chamisa Locita (LA 4), 118; and evidence for sites located under city of Santa Fe, 120-23; inventory of from Arroyo Hondo survey, 111-15; and Los Alamos Pueblo, 119-20; similarities of styles from Chaco Canyon to those of northern Rio Grande region, 7; and sites in vicinity of Agua Fria, 124-25

Cerro de la Cruz, 52

Chaco Canyon:  and concept of Chaco-San Juan “interaction sphere,” 71, 74; decline and abandonment of, 15; similarities in ceramics to those from northern Rio Grande, 7

Chama River, 4

Chamisa Locita (LA 4), 81, 117-18

chronology:  and framework of book, 9-10; and overview of northern Rio Grande prehistory by period, 10-16.  See also Archaic lithic sites; Classic Period; Coalition Period; Developmental Period; Historic Period; Preceramic Period

Cienega Creek, 52

Clarke, David L., 64

Classic Period:  decline of Arroyo Hondo population during, 42, 76; decline of population in Rio Grande floodplain and Santa Fe River Canyon natural districts during, 69; occupation and abandonment of La Bajada Mesa during, 65; and overview of northern Rio Grande prehistory, 8-9, 13-14; partial termination of occupation of Upper Arroyo Hondo in, 64; population magnitude in study area during, 40; and results of Arroyo Hondo survey, 34-35, 37-39; and site components in study area, 102-105, 107-109; and site weight indexes for natural districts by cultural sequence, 47

climate:  and agriculture in Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 80; and decline of populations in natural districts, 63; deterioration of in sixteenth century and decline in population of study area, 42; impact of on agricultural productivity in northern Rio Grande region, 73-74; nature and distribution of lifezones, 78n1; rainfall and location of sites, 18; and water supply for Tetilla Canyon, 58; worldwide deterioration of in sixteenth century, 77.  See also environmental stress; flooding

Coalition Period:  growth of population of Upper Arroyo Hondo natural district during, 67-68, 70; increase in population and population density during, 41-42; and overview of northern Rio Grande prehistory, 8, 12-13; population magnitude in study area during, 40; population trends in northern Rio Grande region during, 72-76; reoccupation of Tetilla Canyon during, 64-65; and results of Arroyo Hondo survey, 32-33, 37-39; and site components in study area, 99-102, 106-109; and site weight indexes for natural districts by cultural sequence, 47

Cochiti Dam Archaeological Salvage Project, 9, 11, 19, 29

Cochiti Pueblo, 64

Cochiti Springs, 49

Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de, 14

 

Developmental Period:  and overview of northern Rio Grande prehistory, 10-12; and population growth in northern Rio Grande region, 71-72; and population magnitude in study area, 40; and results of Arroyo Hondo survey, 30-32, 37-39; and site components in study area, 98-99, 106-109; site size during, 40; and site weight indexes for natural districts by cultural sequence, 47; success of agricultural adaptation during, 36, 40

Dickson, Bruce D., Jr., xii

Dittert, A. E., Jr., 15, 72

 

environmental stress, and agricultural production during Coalition Period in northern Rio Grande region, 73, 75.  See also climate

epidemic diseases (European), 42, 77

European contact.  See Coronado; epidemic diseases; Historic Period

“exploitation territory,” 85n1.  See also sustaining area

 

field procedures, and site survey for Arroyo Hondo project, 19-20

Flannery, K. V., 3

flooding:  and agriculture in Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 56; and agriculture in Santa Fe River Canyon, 53

Forde, C. D., 56

Fort Burgwin Research Center, 9

Fritts, H. C., 77

 

Galisteo basin, 6

Galisteo River, 6

Gerkins, Shelby D., 22-23, 71, 78n1

Gladwin, H. S., 11

Glassow, Michael A., 15, 71

 

Hack, John T., 23-24, 54, 56

Hammond, Norman D. C., 85n1

Hewett, Edgar Lee, 6

Historic Period:  and overview of northern Rio Grande prehistory, 9, 14; population magnitude in study area during, 40; and reoccupation of canyon at edge of La Bajada Mesa, 61; and results of Arroyo Hondo survey, 35-36, 37-39; and site components in study area, 105, 107-109; and site weight indexes for natural districts by cultural sequence, 47

Hole, Frank, 3

Hopi, 51, 54, 73, 81

 

Iran (Khuzistan region), 3-4

 

Jelinek, Arthur, 64

Judge, W. James, 14

 

Kelley, N. Edmund, xii, 78n1, 80

Kidder, A. V., 6, 124

Kwahe’e Complex, 11-12

 

LA 1.  See Pindi Pueblo

LA 3, 53, 87, 99, 100, 107, 111

LA 4.  See Chamisa Locita

LA 5.  See Las Aguajes

LA 7, 35, 87, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108

LA 8.  See Los Alamos Pueblo

LA 16, 32, 35, 87, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 112

LA 76.  See Upper Arroyo Hondo Pueblo

LA 113, 30, 87, 98, 99, 100, 106

LA 150, 30, 88, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 107

LA 191, 31, 84, 85, 88, 98, 99, 109, 113

LA 249, 30, 88, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107

LA 266, 30, 89, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106

LA 4445, 35, 90, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 113

LA 6295, 34, 35, 91, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 113

LA 10609, 30, 84, 85, 93, 98, 105, 108, 113

LA 10612, 34, 93, 102, 103, 104, 108, 113

LA 10614, 31, 85, 93, 99, 109, 113

LA 10617, 34, 93, 102, 103, 104, 109, 113

LA 10621, 31, 34, 93, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 109, 114

LA 10625, 34, 93, 102, 103, 104, 109, 114

LA 10655, 34, 35, 94, 102, 103, 104, 109, 114

LA 10701, 32, 33, 97, 99, 100, 101, 105, 108

La Bajada Mesa, 35, 36:  description of canyon at edge of as natural district, 60-61; and Historic Period sites, 36; lifezones of, 57; as marginal natural district, 45; occupation and abandonment of in Classic Period, 35, 65; plains and hills at top of as natural district, 61-62; site components in, 109

Laboratory of Anthropology (University of Arizona), 11, 21, 29, 32, 119, 120, 122, 124

Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research (University of Arizona), 7

landforms:  of La Bajada Mesa, 62; physiographic features of and concept of natural district, 44

Lang, Richard W., 21, 111

Las Aguajes (LA 5), 34, 57, 64, 81-82, 87, 103, 104, 109, 111

lifezones:  and basic site data, 87-97; and “biotic communities,” 78n1; and concept of natural district, 44; impact of climate on nature and distribution of, 78n1; of La Bajada Mesa, 61-62; of Middle Arroyo Hondo drainage, 58; of Rio Grande floodplain and terraces, 49; of Santa Fe River Canyon, 53; and sustaining area for Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 80, 81, 84, 85; of Tetilla Canyon, 57; of Upper Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 55-56

Los Alamos Pueblo (LA 8), 68, 81-82, 111-12, 119-20, 123

 

maize, population growth and introduction of improved strains, 72.  See also agriculture

marginal natural districts, 45

McNutt, Charles, 9, 11, 12

Mera, H. P., 6-7

Mesa Verde, 7, 74-75

Middle Arroyo Hondo drainage:  description of as natural district, 58-60, 63; site components in, 109; as tertiary natural district, 45

middle northern Rio Grande sequence, development of as cultural sequence in northern Rio Grande, 4-16

Miller, John P., 84

Mississippi valley, and European epidemic diseases in advance of contact, 42

Museum of New Mexico, 19, 29

 

National Geographic Society, xi

National Science Foundation, ix, xi

natural districts:  and basic site data, 87-97; as new concept, 4; definition of, 43-44; descriptions of for Arroyo Hondo region, 43-62; and interpretation of prehistory of Arroyo Hondo study area, 67-70; and interpretation of prehistory of northern Rio Grande region, 70-77; and site components in Arroyo Hondo study area, 106-109See also La Bajada Mesa; Middle Arroyo Hondo drainage; Rio Grande floodplain and terraces; Santa Fe River Canyon; Tetilla Canyon; Upper Arroyo Hondo Canyon

natural resources, natural districts and distribution of, 44

Navajo Reservoir District, 63

Neely, J. A., 3

Nelson, Nels, 6, 117-18, 119

northern Rio Grande region:  culture history of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo in context of, xii, 2; and development of middle northern Rio Grande cultural sequence, 4-10; general similarities between Iran and, 3; interpretation of settlement patterns and prehistory of, 70-77; overview of by chronological period, 10-16

 

occupational phases, and site weight index, 25

Ogapoge (pueblo), 120

 

Pajarito and Jemez plateaus, 6

Peckham, Stewart L., 23

Pecos classification, 6-8

Pecos Conference (1927), 6

Pecos Pueblo, 6

perched water table, in Middle Arroyo Hondo drainage, 58, 59, 60

petroglyph sites, and La Bajada Mesa, 61, 63

Pindi Pueblo (LA 1), 7, 11, 12, 13, 68, 123, 124

pithouses, and Middle Developmental Period sites, 31

Plog, Fred, 78n2

population:  decline of in Arroyo Hondo region during Classic Period, 42, 76; growth of during Developmental Period in northern Rio Grande region, 71-72; history of in Arroyo Hondo survey study area, 36-42, 63; rapid growth of in Upper Arroyo Hondo natural district in Coalition Period, 67-68, 70; settlement patterns and trends in during Coalition Period in northern Rio Grande region, 72-76; and water resources in Rio Grande region, 66

Pot Creek Pueblo, 9

Preceramic Period, and results of Arroyo Hondo survey, 29-30

primary natural districts, 45, 69, 75

Pueblo Well area, 82

 

Redman, Charles L., 21

Reed, Erik K., 9, 11, 12, 13, 14

regional perspective, and northern Rio Grande region, 2

Reinhart, T. R., 14-15

relative data, and site weight index, 27

reoccupation:  of canyon at edge of La Bajada Mesa in Historic Period, 61; of Arroyo Hondo during Classic Period, 34; of Tetilla Canyon in Coalition Period, 64-65

research design, of Arroyo Hondo archaeological project, 2-4

Rio Grande floodplain and terraces:  and decline of population in Classic Period, 69; description of as natural district, 48-51, 62; as primary natural district, 45; site components in, 106-107See also northern Rio Grande region

“Rio Grande’s Pueblo Past, The” (film), xi

rock shelters, in Tetilla Canyon, 32, 34

Rowe, John H., 10

 

Sangre de Cristo Mountains, 6, 80-81.  See also Upper Arroyo Hondo Canyon

Santa Fe (city), 14, 82, 120-23

Santa Fe area, 4, 6

Santa Fe River, 6, 49, 52, 82, 120, 124

Santa Fe River Canyon:  and decline of population in Classic Period, 69; description of as natural district, 52-54, 62; as primary natural district, 51; site components in, 107-108

scanning behavior, and natural districts, 64, 65, 69

Schoenwetter, James, 15, 72

School of American Research, ix, 1

Schwartz, Douglas W., 2, 23

secondary natural districts, 45, 69, 75

settlement patterns:  and concept of site weight index, 22-27; and definition of natural districts, 43-44; and description of natural districts for Arroyo Hondo study area, 43-62; and interpretation of Arroyo Hondo prehistory, 67-70; and interpretation of prehistory of northern Rio Grande region, 70-77; model of change in, 62-66; and overview of northern Rio Grande prehistory by chronological period, 10-16; and population history of Arroyo Hondo study area, 36-42; and results of Arroyo Hondo survey by chronological period, 29-36.  See also abandonment; aggregation; pithouses; reoccupation; rock shelters; sustaining area

shrines, and Classic Period, 34, 35

site size:  during Developmental Period; during Early Phase of Coalition Period, 32

site survey, for Arroyo Hondo project:  and artifactual analysis, 20-22; establishment of survey areas for, 17-19; and field procedures, 19-20; objectives of, 2; results of by chronological period, 29-36; and site weight index, 22-27

site weight index:  and basic site data, 87-97; by cultural sequence in study area, 37-39; and methods of site survey, 22-27; and natural districts, 44, 47, 69, 70; and population trends during Coalition Period in northern Rio Grande region, 73

Smiley, T. L., 3, 7, 73, 76, 118, 119

Spanish.  See also Coronado; epidemic diseases; Historic Period

Stallings, W. S., 7, 119, 124

structural units, and site weight index, 24-25

Stubbs, S. A., 3, 7, 73, 76, 118, 119, 124

submarginal natural districts, 45

survey areas, establishment of for Arroyo Hondo project, 17-19

sustaining area:  abandonment of in Middle Classic Period, 35; delineation of for Arroyo Hondo, 79-85; and description of sites immediately beyond Arroyo Hondo study area, 117-25; and establishment of survey areas, 17; site survey and definition of, 2

 

Taos area, 4

Tertiary natural districts, 45

Tesuque By-Pass salvage site, 9

Tetilla Canyon:  abandonment of in Coalition Period, 63, 69; description of as natural district, 57-58, 63; and growth of populations and sites in Classic Period, 34, 69, 70; reoccupation of in Coalition Period, 64-65; and rock shelters, 32, 34; as secondary natural district, 45; site components in, 109

time phases, and site weight index, 25-26

transect subunits, and survey areas, 18

Tuggle, Harold D., 23

 

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 18, 58

University of Arizona, xii, 7.  See also Laboratory of Anthropology; Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research

Upper Arroyo Hondo Canyon (and western foothills of Sangre de Cristo Mountains):  description of as natural district, 54-57, 62; location of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo in, 67-70; partial termination of occupation in Classic Period, 64; and population growth in Coalition Period, 67-68, 70; as secondary natural district, 45; site components in, 108

Upper Arroyo Hondo Pueblo (LA 76), 32, 33, 82-84, 87, 99, 100, 101, 102, 108, 112

 

water and water supplies:  and abandonment of sites in Rio Grande region, 66; and concept of natural districts, 44; importance of perennial sources to site location, 18; and Middle Arroyo Hondo drainage, 58, 59, 60; and natural districts in Rio Grande region, 66, 73; and population of sites in Rio Grande region, 66; and Rio Grande floodplain and terraces, 51; and Santa Fe River Canyon, 53-54; and sustaining area for Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 80-81; and Tetilla Canyon, 57, 58; and Upper Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 55.  See also climate; flooding

Watson, Patty Jo, 21

Wendorf, Fred, 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 25, 31, 84

Wetherington, Ronald K., 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 25

Wilson, J., 23

 

Zubrow, E.. B. W., 64

The Arroyo Hondo Skeletal and Mortuary Remains

abandonment, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi-xvii

accidental deaths:  and age classes at Arroyo Hondo, 37; and description of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 7, 18, 20-21; and location of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 93; and skeletal pathologies at Arroyo Hondo, 38, 41.  See also trauma

Acsádi, G. Y., 96

age:  and accidental deaths at Arroyo Hondo, 37; and age categories for individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 101-51; age grading and prehistoric social organization at Grasshopper Pueblo, 51; criteria for determination of, 95-96; of individuals in Component I and Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23See also age-status model; children; life expectancy

age-status model, and mortuary practices of present-day Tewas, 52-54, 71.  See also ethnographic age-status model

agriculture:  as basis of economy at Arroyo Hondo, xii; and settlement history of Rio Grande region, ix-x.  See also dietary stress; food; plant remains

Alfred Herrera site, and comparative study of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 65-76

anemia, and iron deficiencies in infants and children, 44, 45, 47

Arroyo Hondo Project, xvii-xviii

Arroyo Hondo Pueblo:  Arroyo Hondo Pueblo Project and research on, xvii-xviii; description of, x, xii-xvii; genetic analysis of discrete cranial traits and population affinities of, 171-80; status of at peak of population, ix.  See also burials; Component I; Component II; skeletal and mortuary remains

arthritis, 75, 103, 108, 119, 121-24, 133, 136-38, 149, 165

artificial cranial information, during infancy, 22

Awatovi site, 175, 176, 177, 178

 

Binford, Lewis, 49

biological distance, and population affinities, 173, 179

blankets, and grave accoutrements, 16, 57, 71.  See also clothing

body positions:  and burials at Arroyo Hondo compared to other Pueblo sites, 68-69, 70; and descriptions of individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 101-51; and summaries for Component I and II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 7-8, 15.  See also head orientation

bowing, of long bones:  and calculation of average stature, 24, 42, 45-46; and information on individual burials, 102, 106, 114-15 , 119, 138, 140, 142, 144, 150; and summary of skeletal pathologies from adult burials at Arroyo Hondo, 166-69See also long bones

Brown, James A., 49

burials, at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo:  comparison of to other Pueblo sites, 65-76; disturbance of by pueblo occupants, 26; excavation of, 3-5; information on individual, 101-51; and isolated remains, 26-27, 151-57; key to symbols used for on plans, 82; skeletal information from, 21-26.  See also body position; grave accoutrements; locations; mortuary practices; skeletal and mortuary remains

 

ceramics:  and chronology of comparative sites, 66; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi; and grave accoutrements, 16, 58, 59, 71, 159

ceremonial statuses, and grave accoutrements, 59-63

children:  and age-status model of Tewa mortuary practices, 52; and body position of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 7-8; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 58, 63; and evidence for iron deficiency anemia in skeletal remains, 44, 45, 47; grave accoutrements and mortuary treatment different from adults, 71, 72; and information from individual burials, 103-111, 113-14, 116-18, 120-21, 125-28, 130-33, 138-40, 142-46, 148, 150-51; and isolated remains, 155-57; key to symbols indicating burials of, 82; mortuary practices and belief in reincarnation of, 50; and skeletal pathologies in burials at Arroyo Hondo, 25, 41-42.  See also infant(s); infant mortality

chi-square test, and evidence of age grading, 54-58, 59

Clark, Geoffrey A., 51, 61, 63

climate:  and agriculture at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xii; and dietary stress, 29-30; and increases or decreases in population, 29; and settlement history of Rio Grande region, ix-x; tree-ring evidence for fluctuations in, 29.  See also drought

clothing, and historic mortuary practices of Pueblos, 50.  See also blankets

comparative studies, of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites in northern Rio Grande region, 65-76

Component I, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo:  body positions and head orientation of burials, 15; and burials in plaza areas, 8-10; and burials in roomblocks, 10-11; and burials in trash deposits, 12; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xiv-xv, xvi; differences in mortuary practices of Component II from, 27-28; and locations of formal burials and accidental deaths, 8, 81, 83, 85-89, 92-93; skeletal pathologies in burials from, 25, 41-43; summary of grave accoutrements from burials during, 160-63; summary of skeletal information from burials during, 23-25

Component II, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo:  body positions and head orientation of burials, 15; and burials in plazas, 13; and burials in roomblocks, 13; and burials in trash deposits, 14; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi; differences in mortuary practices from Component I to, 27-28; and locations of formal burials and accidental deaths, 8, 81, 84, 90, 93-94; skeletal pathologies in burials from, 25-26, 43; summary of grave accoutrements from, 163-64

composite life tables, 31, 32-33, 34, 46

corn.  See plant remains

cranial metrics, 100

cranial traits, and population affinities of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo, 171-80

cranial vault periostitis, 75

cribra orbitalia, 41-43, 45, 107, 127, 129, 139-40, 146, 151, 166-69

 

death, skeletal pathologies and determination of causes of, 38.  See also accidental deaths; infant mortality; life expectancy; mortality schedules

demography, and conclusions drawn from skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 30-37.  See also population

Dennis, Wayne, 44

dental development and eruption, and age criteria, 95

dental disease, 75, 136, 142

dietary stress:  and climate, 29-30; and infant-child mortality, 75-76.  See also food; nutrition

differential diagnosis, and skeletal pathologies, 38, 46

disease.  See anemia; arthritis; dental disease; health status; pathologies

divergence, and biological distance between populations, 173, 179

drought, and abandonment of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvii.  See also climate

Dubos, Rene, 37

Dwight, Thomas, 96

 

Eggan, Fred, 49

Ellis, Florence Hawley, 49-50, 61

El-Najjar, Mahmoud, 44

endocranial lesions, 41, 43, 45, 109, 127-29, 134, 139, 146, 166-69

endocranial suture closure, and age determination, 96

epiphyseal union, and age determination, 95, 96

ethnographic age-status model, mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo as test of, 54-63.  See also age-status model

Euler, Robert, 30, 43

exocranial periostitis, 119

exotic materials.  See rare items

 

food:  and burial practices at Arroyo Hondo compared to other Pueblo sites, 71; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 61; and mortuary practices of modern Pueblos, 50-51.  See also nutrition; plant remains

Forked Lightning Pueblo, and comparative study of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 65-76

 

gender:  and comparison of burials at Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 74; and criteria for adult sex determination, 96; of individuals in Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23, 24; of individuals in Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23; and information from individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 101-51; key to symbols for burials and, 82; and sexual differences in expression of discrete cranial traits, 172-73

general skeletal porosity, 42, 43, 45, 166-69

genetics:  and similarity of Arroyo Hondo population to Tewa-Tano, 75, 179, 180; and statistical analysis of discrete cranial traits for study of population affinities of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo, 171-80

Genovés, Santiago, 97

Giusewa site, 174, 176, 177, 178, 180

Grasshopper Pueblo, 51, 61

grave accoutrements:  and Arroyo Hondo burials compared to other Pueblo sites, 69, 71-72; and description of Component I and II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 16-17, 20; detailed summary of from Arroyo Hondo, 159, 160-64; and differences between mortuary practices of Component I and II at Arroyo Hondo, 28; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 57-63; and information from individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 102, 105-21, 125, 127-30, 131, 133-36, 138-44, 145-48, 150; variable preservation of organic at Arroyo Hondo, 8, 66, 96

 

Halona site, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179

Hawikuh site, 175, 176, 177, 178

head orientation:  and Arroyo Hondo burials compared to other Pueblo sites, 68-69, 70; and descriptions of Component I and II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 8, 15; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 55, 56; and historic mortuary practices of modern Pueblos, 50; key to symbols for burials and, 82

health status, difference in subadult and adult age groups indicated by burials from Component I period, 25.  See also nutrition; pathologies

Hooton, E. A., 43, 74

Hopis and Hopi sites, 44, 175, 176, 178, 180

 

identification numbers, for skeletons or isolated bones, 5

infant(s):  and artificial cranial deformation, 22; breastfeeding of and iron deficiencies, 44, 45, 47; descriptions of individual burials of fetuses and, 105-107, 109-11, 117, 125-34, 138-41, 143, 145-48, 150-51, .  See also children; infant mortality

infant mortality:  and comparison of burials at Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 72; and demographic characteristics of prehistoric southwestern populations, 30; high rate of indicated by Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23; as indicator of poor nutrition and dietary stress, 43, 45, 76; and mortality curve for Arroyo Hondo, 36-37.  See also life expectancy

iron, bone content of and skeletal pathologies, 43, 44, 45, 47

isolated remains, and description of skeletal materials from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 26-27, 151-57

 

Jemez sites, 174, 175

 

Keres sites, 176

Kidder, Alfred, 68-69, 71

kivas:  burials in and possibility of accidental deaths, 20; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi

Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) two sample test, and evidence of age grading, 54-58, 59

Krogman, W. M., 96

Kuaua site, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179

Kunitz, Stephen, 30, 43

 

Lambert, Marjorie, 66, 67

Lang, Richard W., 66

Lange, Charles, 67, 72

life expectancy:  and demographic characteristics of prehistoric southwestern populations, 30-31; and mortality curves for Arroyo Hondo, 36.  See also age; infant mortality

locations, of burials:  comparison of in Components I and II at Arroyo Hondo, 27; comparison of Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 67-68; and description of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 8-14, 81-94; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 55, 56See also plazas; roomblocks; trash deposits and middens

long bones, measurements of, 97-98See also bowing

Lovejoy, C. Owen, 23

 

Mackey, James, xix, 21, 22, 97

male-female sex ratio, of Component I burials, 23-24.  See also gender

malnutrition.  See nutrition

Maltby, J. R. D., 96

mats, and grave accoutrements, 16, 19, 57, 58, 71

Mera, H. P., 176

mica, and grave accoutrements, 61, 62

migration, role of in population dynamics at Pueblo sites, 36

mortality schedules, and composite life tables, 34

mortuary practices:  and age-status model of present-day Tewa, 52-54; and burials at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo as test of ethnographic age-status model, 54-63; differences in between Component I and Component II, 27-28; ethnographic and historic accounts of Pueblo, 49-52 .  See also burials; grave accoutrements; skeletal and mortuary remains

 

National Geographic Society, xvii

National Science Foundation, xvii

Nelson, Nels C., 3-4, 18, 77-79

Nemeskéri, J., 96

nutrition:  and difference in health status of adults and subadults, 24-25; evidence for deficiencies in from skeletal pathologies at Arroyo Hondo, 37-47, 72, 75-76; and summary of skeletal pathologies from adult burials at Arroyo Hondo, 165, 166-69See also dietary stress; food

 

orientation.  See body position; head orientation

ornaments.  See rare items; turquoise

Ortiz, Alfonso, 3, 50, 53, 60, 61-62

osteochondroma, 126

osteolysis, 38, 39-40

osteoma, 108, 149

osteomyelitis, 75

osteosclerosis, 39-40

 

Paa-ko Pueblo, and comparative study of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 65-76

paint, on bodies before burial, 11, 17, 60, 63, 71

paleopathology, and etiologic relationships between skeletal conditions and specific disease processes, 38

Palkovich, Ann M., xviii, xix, 46

Parsons, F. G., 49, 50, 96

pathologies, skeletal:  and comparison of Arroyo Hondo burials to other Pueblo sites, 75; influence of nutrition on, 37-47, 72, 75-76; and skeletal information from Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 24-25, 28; and skeletal information from Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 25-26, 28; summary of conditions observed in adult skeletons from Arroyo Hondo, 165, 166-69See also arthritis; bowing, of long bones; cribra orbitalia; endocranial lesions; paleopathology; periostitis; porotic hyperostosis

Pearson, Karl, 96

Pecos Mission, 175, 177, 178, 179

Pecos Pueblo:  and comparative study of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 65-76, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179; porotic hypertosis in skeletons from, 43

periosteal infection, 121

periostitis, 75, 103, 105, 112, 125-26, 130, 134, 141, 146

personal possessions, and mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 50, 61

Phenice, T. W., 96

Pindi Pueblo, 65-76, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180

pine branch, and grave accoutrements, 61, 62

plant remains, and grave accoutrements, 17, 159. See also agriculture; food; vegetational zones

plazas:  and comparison of burials at Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 67; and Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 8-10, 85-89, 92-93; and Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 13, 90, 93-94; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xii; identification numbers for skeletons or isolated bones from Arroyo Hondo, 5; letter designations referring to, 82

population:  climate and increases or decreases in, 29; relationship of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo to other probable Tewa-Tano Puebloan sites, 171-80; role of migration in dynamics of at Pueblo sites, 36.  See also demography

porotic hyperostosis, 41, 43-44, 110, 116, 118, 127-29, 131, 143, 147-48, 150-51, 166-69

Pottery Mound site, 175, 176, 177, 178

preservation, of skeletal remains and organic grave accoutrements, 8, 66, 96

projectile points, and grave accoutrements, 17, 61, 62

public symphysis changes, and age determination, 96

publication series, on Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvii-xviii

Pueblos:  comparison of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo to other sites in northern Rio Grande region, 65-76; and ethnographically known details of mortuary practices, 49, 50-52, 63; population affinities of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo to other probable Tewa-Tano sites, 171-80; role of migration in population dynamics of, 36.  See also Arroyo Hondo Pueblo; Grasshopper Pueblo; Hopis and Hopi sites; Paa-ko Pueblo; Pecos Pueblo; Pindi Pueblo; Tijeros Pueblo; Zuni sites

Puye site, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180

 

rare items, in grave accoutrements, 58, 59, 61, 71.  See also ravens; red ochre; turquoise

ravens, and grave accoutrements, 17, 61, 62

red ochre, 60.  See also paint

Reed, Erik, 1

reference model life tables, 34, 35, 37

Rio Grande’s Pueblo Past (film), xvii

Rio Grande region:  comparison of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo to other Pueblos sites in northern, 65-76; earliest farming settlements in northern, ix-x; locations of historic and prehistoric pueblos in northern, xi

ritual, and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices, 61.  See also grave accoutrements; mortuary practices; symbolism

roomblocks:  and Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 10-11, 85-89, 93; and Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 13, 90, 94; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xii; identification numbers for skeletons or isolated bones and, 5; number designations referring to, 82; symbols for types of on plans of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 81

 

San Cristobal site, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179

Sangre de Cristo Mountains, x

Sapawe site, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180

Saxe, Arthur, 49

School of American Research, 1, 4-5, 7

Schull, W. J., 96

sex ratio.  See gender

skeletal growth and development, and age determination, 95

skeletal information, summary of for burials from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 21-26.  See also age; gender; pathologies; stature

skeletal and mortuary remains, from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo:  comparison of to other Pueblo sites in northern Rio Grande region, 65-76; and demography, 30-37; and description of burials, 7-28, 77-79; detailed information by individual burial, 101-51; differences in preservation of grave accoutrements and, 8, 66, 96; excavation of burials at, 3-5; introduction to, xviii-xix; and isolated remains, 26-27, 151-57; and mortuary practices as test of ethnographic age-status model, 49-63; nutrition and disease in pathologies observed from, 37-47; objectives for study of, 2-3; statistical analysis of cranial traits and study of population affinities of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo to other probably ancestral Tewa-Tano Puebloan sites, 171-80.  See also burials; mortuary practices; pathologies

social organization:  and age grading at Grasshopper Pueblo, 51; and age-status model of present-day Tewa, 52

spondylolysis and spina bifida, 125, 136

spongy hyperostosis, 127, 129

squash.  See plant remains

Stallings, W. S., Jr., 66, 67, 71, 72

statistical tests, and evidence of age grading, 54-58, 59

stature:  and comparison of burials at Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 74; and Component I adult burials at Arroyo Hondo, 24, 28, 99; and Component II adult burials at Arroyo Hondo, 25, 28, 99; standards for measurements and estimates of, 97, 99

stone tools:  and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi; and grave accoutrements, 71

Stubbs, Stanley, 66, 67, 71, 72

symbolism:  and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 63; and mortuary practices among modern Pueblos, 50.  See also Ritual

 

Tano:  and archaeological sites included in study, 175, 176, 178; genetic relationship of Arroyo Hondo population to, 75, 179, 180

Tewas:  and age-status model of mortuary practices, 52-54, 63, 71; and archaeological sites included in genetic analysis, 175, 176, 178; genetic relationship of Arroyo Hondo population to, 75, 179, 180

Thieme, F. P., 96

Tijeras Pueblo, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179

Tiwa sites, 176, 178, 179, 180

Towa sites, 175, 176, 178, 180

trash deposits and middens:  Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo in, 12, 93; Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo in, 14, 94; and isolated remains at Arroyo Hondo, 26

trauma, and skeletal pathologies, 39, 75.  See also accidental deaths

tree-ring evidence, for climate fluctuations, 29

turkey pens, in plazas, 13

turquoise, and grave accoutrements, xvi, 71

 

Ubelaker, Douglas, 96

 

Vallois, Henri, 97

vegetational zones, in region of Arroyo Hondo, xii, xiiiSee also plant remains

violence, lack of skeletal evidence indicating, 20-21

 

Washburn, S. L., 96

Weiss, Kenneth, 31, 34, 36, 46, 72

Wendorf, Fred, 1

 

Zaino, Edward, 43

Zuni sites, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180

The Past Climate of Arroyo Hondo New Mexico Reconstructed From Tree Rings

 

abandonment, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xiv, xv, 99, 106

agriculture, and Santa Fe dendroclimatic reconstructions, 106

Albuquerque, and weather records, 35, 38, 39, 40-41, 42, 43

amplitude matrix, and eigenvector amplitudes, 54, 58, 60

Arroyo Hondo Pueblo:  conclusions on paleoclimate of, 91-106; description and overview of, x-xv; design and objectives of study, ix-x; introduction to tree-ring samples from, 1-2; location of, viiiSee also climate; dendroclimatology

Arroyo Hondo site chronology:  evaluation of for use in paleoclimatic reconstruction, 11-29; and introduction to techniques of dendroclimatology, 7-10

autocorrelation function, and chronology merging, 19-21

autospectra, of tree-ring chronologies, 24

averaging, and composite tree-ring chronology, 93

Ayres, Frank, Jr., 52

 

behavioral buffering mechanisms, and paleoclimatic variations, 91

Blackman, R. B., 15

Blalock, Hubert M., Jr., 74

Bottorff, Christine P., 2

Box, George E. P., 15

Brier, G. W., 15

Brillinger, David R., 15

 

climate:  assumptions underlying attempted reconstruction of for Arroyo Hondo, 5-6; calibration of tree-ring and climatic time series, 49-78; and conclusions on paleoclimate of Arroyo Hondo, 91-106; evaluation of range of variation for Santa Fe area, 31-43; evaluation of tree-ring chronologies used in reconstruction of for Arroyo Hondo, 11-29; favorable conditions of during growth phase of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xi; influence of on growth of trees, 3-5, 9-10, 69; shift to high annual variability in precipitation at Arroyo Hondo circa A.D. 1335, xiv; and verification procedure for climatic data, 79-86, 87-89See also dendroclimatology; drought; precipitation; temperature

chronology merging, and Glorieta Mesa and Santa Fe archaeological chronologies, 18-27

classic harmonic analysis, compared to spectral analysis, 19

coherency squared, and cross-spectral analysis, 26

confidence limits, for response function, 61-62

Cooley, W. W., 52

correlation coefficient, and reduction of error statistic, 83-86

cross-correlation analyses, and chronology merging, 18

cross-spectral analysis, and chronology merging, 24-27

CUTE (cumulative temperature analysis) computer program, 43, 44-45

 

Dean, Jeffrey S., xv, 5

dendroclimatology:  approaches in recent research on, 4; assumptions underlying attempted reconstruction of paleoclimate of Arroyo Hondo area, 5-6; and calibration of tree-ring and climatic time series, 49-78; and conclusions on paleoclimate of Arroyo Hondo, 91-106; description of tree-ring sequences used in Arroyo Hondo study, 7, 9; and evaluation of range of variation in climatic data for Santa Fe area, 31-43; and evaluation of tree-ring chronologies used for paleoclimatic reconstruction for Arroyo Hondo, 11-29; and flow chart for Arroyo Hondo analysis, 8; history of and relationship between tree growth and weather, 3, 5; implications for archaeology of recent advances in, ix; introduction to techniques and methods of, 3-10; recent additional climatic reconstructions for Santa Fe area, 107-108; and verification of equations used in calibration process, 79-86, 87-89See also climate

descriptive statistics, and range of variation in modern Santa Fe climatic data, 32-35, 36-37

differences of means, t-test for, 79-80, 81-82

digital filtering techniques, for evaluation of tree-ring chronologies for climatic analysis, 13, 18

DMASS (double mass analysis of precipitation series) computer program, 43, 46-47

Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), 1

Douglass, Andrew Ellicott, 3

Draper, N. R., 74

drought, Santa Fe dendroclimatic record and reconstruction of precipitation patterns, 94, 98, 100, 106.  See also water stress

Durbin, J., 78

Durbin-Watson statistic, and transfer function, 71, 76, 78

 

eigenvalues, and response function, 54, 55

eigenvectors, and response function, 51-62

Environmental Data Service, 31

error statistic, correlation coefficient and reduction of, 83-86

 

factor analysis, and eigenvectors, 58

fir (Abies spp.), 1.  See also tree growth

Fourier transform, and variance spectrum, 21-22, 26

F-ratio, and calibration of tree-ring and climatic time series, 62, 71, 73, 74

Fritts, Harold C., 2, 5, 13, 14, 15, 28, 68, 80, 85

 

Glorieta Mesa piñon chronology:  and evaluation of range of variation of modern Santa Fe climatic data, 31-43; evaluation of for reconstruction of paleoclimate of Arroyo Hondo, 11-29; and introduction to techniques of dendroclimatology, 7, 9, 10; relationship between modern Santa Fe weather record and, 91; response function for, 62-68

Great Drought (1276-1299), 98, 100, 106

 

Harris, Richard J., 52

heterogeneity, of meteorological data, 42

high frequency variation, and dendroclimatic potential of tree-ring series, 14-15

Holloway, J. L., Jr., 15

homogeneity, of meteorological data, 42-43

 

infant mortality, and evidence for nutritional stress at Arroyo Hondo, xiv

 

Jenkins, Gwilym M., 15, 22, 27

juniper (Juniperus spp.), 1.  See also tree growth

 

Kemrer, Meade F., 5

Kerlinger, F. N., 74

Kohler, M. A., 43

 

Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research (University of Arizona), 1, 2, 6, 43

lagged ring-width indices, and regression equation, 61

LaMarche, Valmore C., Jr., 18

living-tree chronologies, climate sensitivity of, 7

Lohnes, P. R., 52

low frequency variation, and dendroclimatic potential of tree-ring series, 14-15

 

mean sensitivity, and dendroclimatic potential of tree-ring series, 13

missing values, estimation of for Santa Fe climatic record, 35, 38-41, 42

Mitchell, J. M., Jr., 15, 42

Mosimann, James E., 2

multiple linear regression, and calibration of tree-ring and climate time series, 60-62, 69, 70-78

multivariate analyses, and general approaches in recent dendroclimatic research, 4

 

National Geographic Society, x

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 31

National Science Foundation, x

negative value:  for Glorieta Mesa piñon response function, 67; and product mean statistic, 80

network study, and dendroclimatic reconstruction for Santa Fe area, 107-108

New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission, 31

New Mexico State Engineer Office, 31

normalization, of climatic data, 50-51

northwestern New Mexico study, and recent dendroclimatic reconstructions, 108

null hypothesis, and calibration of tree-ring and climatic time series, 73-74, 76

nutritional stress, and bone pathologies at Arroyo Hondo, xiv

Nyquist frequency, and variance spectrum, 22

 

overlap periods, in tree-ring chronologies, 16, 17, 20

 

paleoclimate.  See climate

Pecos, and weather records, 35, 39, 41, 42, 43

Pedhazer, E., 74

persistence, in time series, 24

photosynthetic capacity, effects of climate on, 69

physiological and growth studies, and approaches in recent dendroclimatic research, 4

piñon (Pinus edulis), 1, 11, 69.  See also Glorieta Mesa piñon chronology; tree growth

piñon-juniper forest, and Sangre de Cristo Mountains, 1

plazas, and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xiv

ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), 1, 11.  See also tree growth

population, climate and decline of at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xiv, xv.  See also abandonment

positive values:  for Glorieta Mesa piñon response function, 67-68; and product mean statistic, 80

precipitation:  and conclusions on paleoclimate of Arroyo Hondo, 92-105; and normalization of climatic data, 52-53; and range of variation in modern Santa Fe climatic data, 35, 38-41, 42See also drought; water stress

principal components analysis:  and response function, 50-68; and transfer function, 68-78

product mean statistic, and verification process, 80, 83

publication series, and Arroyo Hondo Pueblo project, x

 

reduction of error statistic, and correlation coefficient, 83-86

relative homogeneity, of meteorological data, 42-43

resettlement, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo after initial abandonment, xiv-xv

response function:  and mathematical expression of relationship between climate and tree growth, 9-10; and principal components analysis, 50-68

ring-width measurements, 12

Rio Grande’s Pueblo Past, The (film), x

Robinson, William J., xv, 5

roofing elements, of pueblos as main source of tree-ring specimens, xiv

roomblocks, and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xi, xiii, xiv

Rose, Martin R., xv, 107

 

Sangre de Cristo Mountains, xi, xii, 1

Santa Fe archaeological tree-ring chronology:  evaluation of for reconstruction of paleoclimate of Arroyo Hondo, 11-29; and introduction to dendroclimatology, 7, 9, 10; and reconstruction of precipitation variability, 91

Santa Fe climatic chronology:  evaluation of for reconstruction of paleoclimate of Arroyo Hondo, 11-29; and introduction to dendroclimatology, 2

Santa Fe climatic data:  and additional dendroclimatic reconstructions, 107-108; and amplitude series for eigenvectors, 59; and eigenvalues, 55, 56-57; evaluation of range of variation in, 31-43; relationship between Glorieta Mesa piñon growth and, 91; verification process and comparison of actual precipitation and temperature measurements from, 79

Schoenwetter, James, 6

School of American Research, ix-x, 1

Schulman, Edmund, 3

seed germination, Santa Fe tree-ring evidence as relative measure of, 106

Shatz, David J., 13, 14, 15, 28

Signal Corps, 32

skeletal remains, and evidence for nutritional stress at Arroyo Hondo, xiv

Smiley, Terah L., 2

Smith, David G., 68

Smith, H., 74

spectral analysis, and chronology merging, 18-19

Spiegel, Murray R., 40

standardization, and composite tree-ring chronology, 93

standardized growth indices, and ring-width measurements, 12

step-wise multiple regression:  and response function, 67; use of in previous dendroclimatological research, 49-50

Stockton, Charles W., 19

Stokes, Marvin A., 2, 68

storage, as behavioral buffering mechanism, 91

 

Taos, and weather records, 35, 41

Tatsuoka, Maurice, 52

temperature:  and normalization of climatic data, 52-53; and range of variation in modern Santa Fe climatic data, 32-35, 38-41, 42

trade, as behavioral buffering mechanism, 91

transfer function:  and calibration of tree-ring and climatic time series, 68-78; and reconstruction of past climate of Arroyo Hondo area, 10

tree growth, influence of climate on, 3-5, 9-10, 69.  See also fir; juniper; piñon; ponderosa pine; vegetation zones

tree-rings samples:  calibration of climatic time series and, 49-78; evaluation of for use in paleoclimatic reconstruction, 11-29; introduction to from Arroyo Hondo, 1-2.  See also Arroyo Hondo site chronology; Glorieta Mesa piñon chronology; Santa Fe archaeological tree-ring chronology

t-test, for differences of means, 79-80, 81-82

Tukey, J. W., 15

 

United States Army Post Surgeons, 32

United States Department of Commerce, 31

University of Arizona.  See Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research

 

variance component characteristics, and evaluation of dendroclimatic potential of tree-ring series, 15-18

variance spectrum, and chronology merging, 21-24

vegetation zones, from Sangre de Cristo Mountains to Rio Grande, xi, xii

verification, and reconstruction of past climate of Arroyo Hondo area, 10, 79-86, 87-89, 93

 

water stress, tree-ring chronologies as predictors of, 93-94.  See also drought

Watson, G. S., 78

Watts, D. G., 22, 27

Weather Bureau, 31, 32

Wesolowsky, George O., 76

“window closing” technique, and variance spectrum, 22-23

The Faunal Remains From Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, New Mexico

 

abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, 227, 228, 235, 236

Accipiter straitus, 33

Agaronia testacea, 227

agriculture: acres under cultivation, 43; birds and, 34, 61, 117, 133; deer and, 53, fallow fields, 34, 43; grass and, 34; importance of, 8, 90, 94; irrigation, 37, 122, 126; land clearing, 26, 33, 39, 42, 55, 122; renewal of 40; small mammals and, 54-58; vegetation change and, 26, 37, 42; weeds and, 33, 34, 38, 43

Aqua Fria site, 66

Albuquerque: gophers and 31, 32; turkeys and, 95, 97, 99; turtles and, 10, 111, 114, 115, 119

Alexander, Hubert G., and Paul Reiter, 260, 270

Alfred Herrera site, 100

Allen, Glover M., 88

Amazona farinosa, 118

amphibians, 45, 145

Angostura site, 98, 113, 114

Animas Mountains, 91

antelope, Antilocapra Americana, 12, 27, 34, 48-50, 53, 68, 130

antler: artifacts of, 212, 215, 220, 222; butchering and, 82; hunting patterns and, 51-53, 58

Apache Canyon, 67

aquatic species, 34, 37, 40, 59, 61, 73, 74

Aquila chrysaetos, 59, 74, 270

Ara macao. See macaw

Aranda, Joan de, 101

architecture, 15-18, 31, 43, 135, 182n.1, 218

arc shell, Arca asp., 227, 228, 236

Arizona, 3, 10, 93, 95, 111, 118, 245, 271, 284

arroyo cutting, 37, 43

Arroyo de los Chamisos, 64

Arroyo Gallina, 67

Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 3, 10, 25, 27, 68

Artifical Leg sites, 97

artiodactyls: butchering of, 71, 74, 75, 78; collection percentage of, 46, 48, 128; dressed weight of, 46, 109; importance and decline of, 47-51, 132

Asio flammeus, 35, 74, 131

awls: basketry, 192, 193; bone elements for, 194-96, 215, 216; compared, 220-22; described, 197; end retention typology for, 190; functions of, 191-94, 219; manufacturing of, 194-96; reused, 200; Seri, 192, 193; tip forms for, 193, 196; type A, 194, 197, 220; type B, 193, 195, 197; type C, 192, 194, 195, 198; type D, 192, 1194, 195, 199, type E, 192, 195, 199; type F, 192, 196, 200; type G, 196, 201; type H, 201; type I, 196, 202; type J, 196, 202; type K, 196, 203; type L, 196, 204, 220; typology of, 187, 191

Aztec Ruin, 88, 192, 205

 

badger, Taxidea taxus, 33

Bailey, Florence Merriam, 27, 37, 63

Bailey, Vernon, 13, 27, 31, 32, 36, 50, 58

Bandelier Black-on-gray pottery, 143

Barker, Elliot S., 27

Basketmaker culture, 90, 97, 271, 273

basketry, 192, 193

Beal, John D., 219

bear, Ursus arctos, 14

birds: agrriculture and, 34, 61, 117; bone artifacts from, 188, 196, 201, 202, 203, 206, 207, 216; ceremonial interment of, 72; collection percentage of, 45, 46, 60; compared sizes and uses of, 61; disarticulations and, 72; ecotones for, 12, 43; mortuary items from, 73, 74; quill removal from, 74; raptorial, 35, 59-60, 63, 72, 130; rendered flightless, 72, 131; species of, generally, 13, 33, 34, 59, 71. See also macaws; turkeys

bison, Bison bison, 5, 12, 13, 49, 50, 68

blackbird, Xanthocephalus xanthoocephalus, 34

 

blankets, 71, 101, 132, 267, 268, 270

bluebirds, Sialia sp., 59

blue grouse, Dendragapus obsurus, 14, 19, 63, 67

Boas, Franz, 90, 105

Bohrer, Vorsila L., 103, 105

bone: burned, 72, 74, 77, 78, 84, 89; butchering and, 9, 71, 84; healed, 102; identification of, 18, 22; miscellaneous artifacts of, 189, 217; regional comparison for artifacts of, 219-25; redering of, 84; species for artifcats of, 46, 81, 83, 189-90, 214, 221, 224, 225; storage of artifacts of, 218; type U artifacts, 215; type V artifacts, 215; type W artifacts, 215; type X artifacts, 215; type Y artifacts, 216, 220; type Z artifacts, 216, 218, 220; typology for artifacts of, 187, 189, 190, 214, 222. See also awls; musical instruments; ornaments; stone-knapping tools

Bonnichsen, Robson, 84

Bourke, John G., 89,205

brain extraction, 76, 77, 82

Brand Donald D., 243, 244

Branta Canadensis, 34, 59

brushland: animals of, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 56; expansion of, 26, 40, 41, 43, 126

burials: bird, 60, 98, 115, 116; bone artifacts in, 205, 217, 219, 221, 224; Component I, 271; Component II, 283; dog, 90; feathered textiles in, 267-68; fur textiles in, 265; hides in, 83, 263; preservation and, 261, 262; shell artifacts in, 227, 236, 237, 242; shrouds for, 264, 268, 270

Burnt Corn pueblo, 68

Bussey, Stanley D., 98

Bustamante, Piedro de, 101

butchering, 9; of birds, 71, 72, 74, 131; for brain extraction, 76, 77, 82; of large mammals, 78-83; of small mammals, 74-78; for marrow extraction, 84

Buteo sp., 63, 74

 

Caja del Rio Mesa, 99

Callipepla squamata, See Quail

Canada de la Cueva pueblo, 68

Canada de los Alamos, 67

canids, Canis sp.: butchering of, 77—78, dressed weights for, 46; MNI for, 87, 88. See also coyote; dog; gray wolf

Canon Ancho, 67

Canyon de Chelly, 89, 192

Canyon del Muerto, 97

carapace containers, 112-14, 133

Carlson, Roy L., 90

Carricito Community, 98

Cary, Merritt, 31

Casas Grandes, 92, 101, 116, 117, 244, 245

Cathartes aura, 60, 72

Cervus elaphus. See elk

Chaco Canyon, 90

Chama River, 90, 98, 100, 267

Chamisa Locita pueblo, 67, 69

Charadrius vociferous, 63

chipmunk, Eutamis sp., 13

chronology: of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 3, 5, 15-18; Basketmaker, 90, 271; Component I, 5, 38, 51, 94, 135-141; Component II, 5, 39, 142-43; of Great Drought, 15, 33, 179-80; Kidder’s, 222. See also Pueblo culture

Chrysemys picta, 11, 112-113, 114, 133

Chupadero Black-on-white pottery, 95, 96, 119

Cieneguilla pueblo, 68

City Hall Site, 66

Cleland, Charles Edward, 97

Cobre Mountains, 93

Cochise culture, 92, 94

Cochiti Pueblo, 8, 97, 98, 99, 113

Colaptes auratus, 33

Colton, Harold S., 243

Component I: animal remains of, 49, 51, 58, 60, 94, 105, 115, 133, 177; hunting territory, 64, 69; shell trade, 246. See also chronology

Component II: animal remains of, 50, 56, 109, 178; pottery of, 96; and vegetation, 39, 42. See also chronology

Component I and II: artifacts, 217-19, 239, 241, 242, 265, 267; deer hunting, 52-54; environmental change, 26, 40, 121-27; hunting territory, 66, 68; use of birds, 62-63, 93, 106

cone shells, Conus sp., 227, 233, 235, 238

cooking, 74, 77, 85, 131

coot, Fulica Americana, 47, 40

cordage: feather, 268-71; fur, 264-66

Cornwall, I. W., 18

Corrales, 113

corvids, Corvus sp., 59. See also ravens

cottontail rabbits: butchering of, 76, 77; collection percentage for, 46; habitat for, 12, 38, 41, 43, 127; jackrabbit ratio to, 29, 39; desert (Sylvilagus auduboni), 10, 12, 27, 29, 41; mountain (Sylvilagus nuttali), 13, 34

coyote, Canis latrans, 12, 88

Culin, Stewart, 205

cultural divergence, 223, 225

curlew, Numenius americanus, 37

Cushing, Frank Hamilton, 105

Cuyamungue pueblo, 100

Cynomys sp. See prairie dogs

 

Davis Mountains, 31

deer, See mule deer

Degenhardt, William G., and J. L. Christiansen, 113

Dendragapus obscurus, 14, 19, 63, 67

Dickson, D. Bruce, Jr., 64, 66, 67, 68

diet, 9, 21, 59, 89

DiPeso, Charles, 98, 117, 118, 244, 245

Dipodomys sp. See kangaroo rats

dog, Canis familiaris, 9, 22, 87-90, 132

dog whelk, Nassarius moestus, 227, 237, 244

domestic species, 9

Douglas fir, 26, 42

dove, Zenaida macroura, 33

drought. See precipitation: drought

ducks, 40, 73, 131

 

eagle, Aquila chrysaetos, 59, 74, 270

economy, 5, 8; adaptions to strees in, 52, 57, 61, 63, 130; animal availability and, 23, 54-56, 109, 128; correlated summary for, 123-25; energy expenditure and, 52, 53, 59, 107, 128, 130; sustaining territoty and, 9, 64, 65, 68, 69, 128

Eddy, Frank W., and Beth L. Dickey, 90

elk, Cervus elaphus, 14, 27, 48, 49, 50, 67, 107, 131

Ellis, Bruce T., 66

Ellis, Florence H., 64

El Pase, 113, 189

Emery, Irene, 260

environment; animal associations in, 8-18, 22, 25, 29, 32, 41; animal competition in, 13, 31; burned, 29; carrying capacity of, 56, 127, 131; climatic change in, 13, 25, 26, 31, 36, 39, 42; culture and, 23, 25, 34, 42, 43, 127; distant, 122; disturbed, 29, 43; elevation in, 10, 13, 14, 25, 31, 35, 36; goals of studying, 10-14; highland ecotone, 31; immediate, 25, 43, 121; method of analyzing, 18; micro-, 31, 33, 38; near, 64, 121, 122; preservation and, 261, 262; settlement and, 123-25; temperature in, 8, 13, 35, 36, 104; xeric events in, 33, 35, 37. See also brushland; grassland; life zones; precipitation; woodland

Eremophila alpestris, 59

Erethizon dorsatum, 33

erosion, 36, 38, 40, 41, 43

Espanola, 113

Espejo, Anotonio de, 101

Espinosa Glaze Polychrome pottery, 143

Estancia Basin, 50

estimated dressed meat weight, EDW, 21, 46, 47, 59, 107, 108

Eutamias sp., 13

excavation, 5, 19, 22; stratigraphy of, 20, 32, 41

extermination, 12, 27

extinct species, 14

 

falconids, 59, 72; sparrow hawk (Falco saprverius), 60

feather removal, 71, 72

Findley, James, 13, 14, 31, 34, 36, 42

fire: at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 53; habitat after, 29

firewood, 34

fish, 37, 40, 62, 64, 67; channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), 37

flakers, 212, 222

flicker, Colaptes auratus, 33

floodplain, 10; flash flooding, 32, 37, 43

Folks, James, 262

food preparation, 9, 74, 77, 85, 131

Ford, Richard I., 9, 59, 97, 130, 245

Forde, Daryll C., 193, 213

forests, 14, 25, 26, 31, 67. See also woodland

Forked Ligghtening site, 118, 223, 260

Fox, Nancy, 265, 267, 279, 280, 284

foxes, 12, 88; gray (Urocyon cinereiargenteus), 33, 77; red (Vulpes vulpes), 14

Frijoles Canyon ruins, 100, 267

Frijoles Creek, 99

Frisbie, Theodore R., 90, 97

fuel, 43; firewood, 34

Fulica americana, 37, 40

 

Galisteo Basin, 3, 68, 98, 99

Galisteo Creek, 67

Galisteo pueblo, 68

Gallegos Lamero, Hernan, 101

Gallina area, 92, 98

gaming pieces, 205, 208

Gavia sp., 37

geese, 34, 40, 59, 61, 64, 74, 122; Canadian (Branta Canadensis), 34, 59

Gifford, e. w., 244

Gila River, 118, 133, 243, 271

Gilbert, B. Miles, 18

Glycymeris, 246

gophers, 29, 43. See also pocket gophers

Grabowski, William, 177n.2

grama sod, 38

Gran Quivira Pueblo, 95, 99

Grasshopper ruin, 118

grassland; animals of the, 12, 13, 27, 29, 33, 35, 37, 38, 41, 74, 122; expansion of, 25, 26, 33, 34, 36, 39, 43; hunting in, 49, 50, 53, 68, 130; juniper ecotone in, 12, 35, 130; shortgrass ecotone, 12, 33, 68, 130; sod destruction in, 38; woodland and, 12

gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 33, 77

gray wolf, Canis lupus, 14, 77, 88, 215

Great Basin, 34

Great Drought, the, 15, 33, 179-80n.2

Great Plains, 33

ground squirrels, 56; golden-mantled (Spermophilus lateralis), 13; Richardson’s (Spermophilus richardsoni), 13, 33, 40, 180n.3; rock squirrel (Spermophilus variegatus), 10, 27, 43; spotted (Spermophilus spilosoma), 10, 12, 19, 27, 35, 39, 40; thirteen-lined (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus), 19

grouse. See blue grouse

Guernsey, Samuel James, 271

Guilday, John E., Paul W. Parmalee, and Donald P. Tanner, 78

Gulf of California, 10, 111, 133, 228, 242, 244, 245

Gulf of Mexico, 228, 245

 

Haag, William G., 88, 89

habitat, 9, 22; aquatic, 33, 34, 37; of lagomorphs, 29; and animal species, 10-14

Haliotus cracherodii, 227, 228, 236, 236

Hall, Edward T., Jr., 90

Hall, Eugene R., and Keith R. Kelson, 32, 36

hares and rabbits, 43, 46. See also cottontail rabbits; jackrabbits; lagomorphs

Hargrave, Lyndon L., 18, 100, 116, 117, 118

Harris, Arthur H., 20, 32, 98, 100, 113, 189

Haury, Emil W., 245, 267, 271, 284

Hawikuh pueblo, 205, 223, 245

hawks, 74, 131; sharp-shinned (Accipiter striatus), 33; sparrow (Falco sparverius), 60, 72; Swainson’s (Buteo swainsoni), 63

Heller, Maurice M., 92

Henderson, Junius, and John P. Harrington, 27

Hendron, J. W., 100

Hewett, Edgar Lee, 260, 267, 270

hides, 46, 263; burial specimens of, 271, 273-79, 281-84

hide-processing tools, 187, 212-12, 22-; awls used as, 193; type T, 192, 213

Hodge, Frederick W., 205, 208, 212

Hohokam culture, 243, 244, 245, 267

Honea, Kenneth H., 98, 100

hoofed mammals. See artiodactyls

Hopi Indians, 89, 208, 267

horned larks, Eremophila alpestris, 59

Hough, Walter, 271

Hubbard, John P., 37

hunting; adaptive, 130; bird, 130; boundaries for, 64, 67,7 68; chronological samples for deer, 51, 128, 129; economic importance of, 8; energy expenditure and, 52, 53, 59, 130; environmental factor of, 23, 42; hoofed mammal, 48-51, 128-130; low elevational, 13; small mammal, 34, 128, 130; territory for, 9, 68, 69, 128

Hurley, William M., 271

husbandry, 132

 

Ictalurus punctatus, 37

insects, 177n.2

 

jackrabbits, 77; black-tailed (Lepus californicus), 10, 12, 27, 39; ratio to cottontail rabbits, 29, 30, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 126; white-tailed (Lepus townsendi), 13

Jeancon, Jean A., 100, 192, 205, 208, 260

Jelinek, Arthur J., 32

Jemez Cave, 97, 260, 270

Jemez Pueblo, 265

Jemez River, 98, 114

Jernigan, E. Wesley, 246

Jornada Mogollon culture, 95

Judd, Neil M., 90, 117

juniper, 12, 35, 68, 242

 

kangaroo rats, 21; bannertail (Dipodomys spectabilis), 27, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42, 127; compared, 35, 36; Ord’s (Dipodomys ordi), 12, 19, 29, 36

Kansas, 91

Kelley, N. Edmund, 31, 43, 104

Kelson, Keith R., 32

Kidder, Alfred Vincent, 3, 66, 100, 118, 196, 208, 209, 211, 212, 219, 228, 234, 245, 260, 270, 271; bone typology of, 187-91; chronology of, 222-24; shell typology of, 230

Kidder, Alfred V., and Samuel J. Guernsey, 90, 192

killdeer, Charadrius vociferous, 63

kivas: bird burial in, 72; ceremonial cache in, 227; dog bones in, 89; kiva 12-C-2, 219, 265; kive 12-D-3, 138, 140, 241; kiva 12-G-5, 60, 72, 219; kiva 12-J-1, 89; shells in, 241

Kuaua pueblo, 99

 

La Bajada Mesa, 15

lagomorphs: cottontail-jackrabbit ratio, 28, 29, 30, 38, 39, 40, 41, 126; demographic crash of, 39; human impact on, 131; hunting of, 54, 58. See also cottontail rabbits; jackrabbits

Lambert, Marjorie F., 192, 208, 212, 213, 220-22, 234, 245, 260

land clearing, 26, 33, 39, 42, 55, 122

Lang, Richard W., 20, 27, 29, 32, 35, 40, 64, 66, 68, 90-100, 113, 114, 118, 215, 244, 245

Lange, Charles H., 8, 54, 64

Largo Glaze-on-yellow pottery, 143

Largo pueblo, 99

Las Madres pueblo, 68, 99

Leaf Water site, 260

Lee, L., 14

Lepus sp. See jackrabbits

life zones: Canadian, 14; Hudsonian, 14; Lower Sonoran, 42; Transitional, 13; Upper Sonoran, 10, 12, 13, 27, 28, 35, 42, 68

Ligon, J. Stokley, 14, 63, 91, 104

Linford, Laurance D., 118

Little Colorado River, 114, 118, 133, 243, 245

Lockett, H> Claiborne, and Lyndon L. Hargrave, 271

looms, 265

loon, Gavia sp., 37

Los Aguajes pueblo, 99

Luebben, Ralph A., 90, 97, 260

Lummis, Charles F., 96

Lyman, R. Lee, 21

 

macaw, Ara macao, 9, 10, 115-19, 133, 244

Mackey, James, 3

Maddox, John Lee, 205

Manzano Mountains, 10, 94

Marshall, Michael P., 95, 113

Martin, Paul S., 97

McKusick, Charmion Randolph, 18, 92-101, 115-17, 271, 272

meadowlark, Sturnella sp., 59

Meleagris gallopavo. See turkeys

Mera, H. P., 114

Mesa Verde, 205

Metclaf, Arthur L., 227, 228

Mexico, 10, 91, 94, 111, 113, 117, 118, 133, 244

mice, 10, 12, 21, 25; northern grasshopper mouse (Onychomys leucogaster), 33; silky pocket mouse (Perognathus flavus), 37; white-footed mouse (Peromyscuc sp.), 5, 126

Microtus sp., 126

Milich, Alicia Ronstadt, 96

Miller, R. S., 31

milling areas, 102, 106

Mimbres culture, 244

minimum number of individuals, MNI: amphibians, 145; birds, 54, 55, 63, 146-49; boney fish, 145; collection percentages of, 45-46; defined, 19-20; excavation seasons and, 5, 20; mammals, 149-53; reptiles, 145; turkeys, 87, 98-101, 107, 147

mink, Mustela vison, 34

moccasin making kit, 192, 194

Mogollon culture, 95, 97, 98, 118, 244, 267, 271; Cochise-, 92, 94

Mogollo Rim, 96

molluscs, 9, 10, 133

Morris, Earl H., 192, 205, 260, 267

Morris, Elizabeth Ann, 273

Morris, Percy A., 227

mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, 5, 9, 10, 27, 28, 43, 48, 49, 107, 128, 129; collection percentage of, 46, 48; ratio to antelope of, 50; seasonal hunting of, 51, 130, 131

musical instruments, 187, 207-9; Bitsitsi whistles, 210, 221, 223, 225; flageolets, 221, 223; sounding rasps, 209, 211, 224; type O, 207, 209; type P, 208, 210; type Q, 211; whistles, 207-8, 209-10, 220, 223

mussels, Unio sp., 227, 228, 238

Mustela sp., 34

 

Nassarius moestus, 227, 237, 244

Navajos, 112

necklaces: juniper seed bead, 242; shell, 226, 233, 235, 236, 238, 239

Nelson, N. C., 64, 89

Neotoma sp., 10, 33

Nogales Cliff House site, 260, 267

Nordenskiold, Gustof E. A., 205

North Bank site, 98, 100

Nucifraga Columbiana, 13

Numenius americanus, 37

nutcracker, Nucifraga columbiana, 13

 

Odocoileus sp., 5, 67. See also mule deer

Oliver, Douglas L., 25

olive shells, Olivella dama and Agaronia testecea, 227, 232

Olsen, Sandra L., 212, 213

Olsen, Stanley J., 18

Olsen, Stanley J., and John W. Olsen, 118, 33

ornaments: bone: 187, 204-7; bone pendants, 204, 205-6; bone tubes, 205, 206-7, 218, 220, 221; carapace pendant, 112; inlaid shell, 235; local manufacture of shell, 246; red pigment on, 234; shell bandoliers, 234; shell beads, 227, 232, 233, 242; shell pendants, 227, 231, 233, 235, 236, 237; type M, 205; type N, 206, 218; typology for shell, 230

Ortiz, Alfonso, 54, 218, 234, 240

owl, Asia flammeus, 35, 74, 131

 

Paa-ko Pueblo, 219-25, 245, 246, 260

Pacific Ocean, 228, 242, 245

Pajarito Plateau, 260, 270, 271

Palkovich, Ann M., 219, 242, 271-84

Pappogeomys castanops. See pocket gophers: yellow faced

parrot, Amazona farinose, 118

Parsons, Elsie C., 208, 209, 240, 242

pathologies in skeletons, 102, 117

Pattison, Natalie Batchelder, 260, 267

Pecos Pueblo, 3, 89, 100, 101, 118, 189, 211, 219-25, 230, 245, 246, 260, 270, 271

Pecos River Valley, 49, 68, 113

Peloncillo Mountains, 91

Perognathus sp., 37, 42

Peromyscus sp., 5, 126

Pindi Pueblo, 66, 95, 96, 99, 113, 118, 136-39, 189, 219-24, 245, 246, 260, 270

Plains Indians, 88, 192, 193, 213

plant life, 8; taxonomy for, 178n.3. See also vegetation

plazas, 102, 103, 105, 106, 115, 136, 218, 241

Pleistocene, 13, 37, 180n.3

pocket gophers, 21, 25, 29, 36, 43; Botta’s (Thomomys bottae), 10, 19, 27, 31, 36; northern (thomomys talpoides), 13, 14; yellow-faced (Pappogeomys castanops), 13, 27, 31-33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 127

pocket mice, Perognathus sp., 37, 42,

Point of Pines ruin, 118

Pojoaque-Tesuque drainage, 32

P’o’karige springs, 66

pollen, 103, 105

ponderosa pine, 13, 31, 39, 42, 57, 58

population, human; decline of, 15, 35, 38, 50, 52-55’ growth of, 15, 41; imbalance of, 23, 130; peak of, 3, 15, 41, 139; stabilization of, 38, 40; trends reviewed for, 15, 26, 43

porcupine, Erethizon dorastum, 33

Poshu site, 100

Poshuouinge site, 260

Pot Creek Pueblo, 4

Pottery Mound site, 95, 99

pottery, 95-96, 133

prairie chicken, Tympanuchus sp., 178n.4

prairie dogs, 29, 34, 35, 39, 40, 43, 63, 76, 77; collection percentage of, 46; black-tailed (Cynomys ludovicianus), 13; Gunnison’s (Cynomys gunnisoni), 10, 12, 13, 27, 54-56, 58

prayer sticks, 240, 242

precipitation; animal ranges and, 8, 13, 31, 32, 35; decreasing, 35, 36; drought, 33, 35, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 126, 127; historical, 26; hunting and, 52; increasing, 40; woodland averages, 10, 122

preservation, 22, 261, 262

Procyon lotor, 34

pronghorn. See antelope

provenience units, 20

Puaray Pueblo, 99

Pueblo culture: Pueblo I, 89, 98; Pueblo II, 90, 113; Pueblo III, 90, 97, 98, 114; Pueblo III-IV, 88, 99; Pueblo IV, 8, 90, 99, 100, 113, 267; Pueblo IV-V, 89, 99, 100; Pueblo V, 100

Pueblo del Encierro, 100

Pueblo Indians, 3, 8, 9, 13, 54, 59, 60, 88, 97, 117, 208, 234, 240, 245

Pueblo Pardo, 95, 99

 

quail, Callipepla squamata, 27, 29, 63, 74, 131

quill removal, 74

 

rabbit brush, 10

rabbit drive, 54

rabbits, 25, 43,. See also Cottontail rabbits; lagomorphs

raccoon, Procyon lotor, 34

raptors. See birds; raptorial

RasmussenD. Irwin, 39

rats, 25. See also kangaroo rats; wood rats

Rattlesnake Point, 98

ravens: common (Corvus corax), 72, 73, 74, 131; white necked (Corvus cryptoleucus), 27, 72, 74

raw bone count, RBC, 19

red pigment, 234, 237

Red Snake Hill site, 98, 100

Reed, Erik K., 91, 98

Reichman, Omar J., and R. J. Baker, 31, 37

Reiter, Paul, 260

reptiles, 12, 45, 111, 145

Riley, Carroll L. 245

Rio Grande, 10, 37; turtles of the, 111, 113

Rio Grande region, northern, 3, 13, 15, 35, 133; bone artifacts of the, 189, 220, 224; dogs of the, 90; fur artifacts of the, 267; gophers of the, 31, 32; macaws of the, 118, 119; shell artifacts of the, 228, 230, 243, 246; turkeys of the, 91-101, 132

Rio Grande Glaze Ware pottery, 114

Rio Pueblo, 3

Rio San Jose, 90

Roberts, Frank H. H., Jr., 90

robin, Turdis migratorius, 59

Robinson, William J., John W. Hannah, and Bruce G. Harrill, 66, 99

Robinson, William J., Bruce G. Harrill, and Richard L. Warren, 64, 67

Robinson, William J., and Richard L. Warren, 98

rock squirrel, Spermophilus variegatus, 10, 27, 43

Russell, Robert J., 31

 

Salado settlements, 95

Saltbush Pueblo, 99

Salt River, 118, 133, 243

samples, faunal: bias in, 8; condition of, 22, 260-61; sequesnce of, 14-18; sample 1, 15, 26-33, 48, 49, 106, 107, 135, 136; sample 2, 15, 32, 33-35, 48-50, 55, 107, 136, 137, 138; sample 3, 15, 35-38, 49, 50, 55, 61, 72, 107, 114, 138, 139; sample 4, 15, 37, 38-40, 50, 55, 63, 107; sample 5, 5, 15, 39, 50, 55, 57, 63, 72, 107, 141; sample 6, 15, 40, 50, 55, 58, 107, 141; sample 7, 15, 41, 50, 55, 58, 63, 107, 109, 114, 142; sample 8, 18, 42, 50, 55, 58, 63, 109, 114, 143

San Cristobal Pueblo, 89

San Diego, 243

Sandia Mountains, 219

Sange de Christo Mountains, 10, 14, 25, 51, 67

San Juan Basin, 97

San Juan River, 88, 89, 90, 93, 95, 98, 113

San Marcos pueblo, 68, 99

Santa Fe, 3, 37, 66; suirreld near, 27, 34, 35, 54; turkeys and, 95, 96, 100

Santa Fe Black-on-white pottery, 227

Santa Fe Plain, 68

Santa Fe River, 37, 49, 64, 67, 99, 113, 220

Santo Domingo Pueblo, 50

Sapawe site, 90

Sauer, Carl, and Donald P. Brand, 244

Schaafsma, Polly, 95

Schoenwetter, James, and Alfred E. Dittert, Jr., 13, 33

Schorger, Arlie Williams, 91, 101, 104

Schoeder, Albert H., 9, 96, 101

Schroeder, Albert H., and Dan S. Matson, 101

Schwartz, Douglas W., and R. W. Lang 29-31

Sciurus aberti, 13, 31, 57, 58

settlement abandonment, 18, 22, 26, 35, 37, 42, 43, 52, 106, 126, 127, 140; contemporaneous, 3, 64-68, 99; declining, 35, 38, 126, 127; expanding, 33, 122, 136-38; fire at the, 53; initial, 26-31, 122, 136; last date for, 143; reoccupation, 40, 63, 127; review of, 26; Rio Grande regional, 3-4; summary correlations with, 123-25. See also chronology; Component I; Component II

shell: abalone (Haliotis cracherodii), 227, 228, 235, 236; ark (Arac sp.), 227, 228, 236; burials with, 242, 262; dog whelk (Nassarius moetus), 227, 237, 244; Glycymeris, 246; mollusk, 9, 10; mussel (Unio sp.), 227, 228, 238; olive (Agaronia testacea and Olivella dama), 227, 232; processing of, 244; proveniences for artifacts of, 238-42, species of, 227, 245; turret (Turritella sp.), 227, 237; trade in, 242-46; typology for artifacts of 230-31

shrubland, 33, 43. See also brushland

Shultz, Philip, 272

Sialia sp., 59

Sierra Madre Occidental, 91

Sigleo, Anne Colberg, 90

skinning, 9; of artiodactyls, 78, 80; of birds, 71, 72, 74, 131; of medium sized mammals, 77; of small mammals, 74-76

Smiley, Terah L., Stanley A. Stubbs, and Bryant Bannister, 67

Snow, Cordelia, 37

Snow, David H., 20, 99, 100

Snyder, Walt, 51

Socorro, 92, 94, 95, 134

soil, 8, 29, 36, 38, 43

Southwest, the, 8; bone whistles in, 207; dogs in, 88, 89; fur and feather use in, 271; macaws in, 115, 117; shell use in, 243, 244, 246; turkeys of, 91, 92, 94; turtles in, 113

Spaniards, 96, 97, 100, 101, 219, 245

Spermophilus sp. See ground squirrels

spruce, Engelmann, 31

Sprucetree House ruins, 205

squirrels, 25, 27, 42, 63, 76; Abert’s (Sciurus aberti), 13, 31, 57, 58; collection percentage of, 46; red (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), 14, 26, 57, 58, 67; tree, 57-59. See also ground squirrels; prairie dogs

Stacy, Harold G., 27

Stephen, Alexander M., 89

Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 208

Stewart, Francis L., and Peter W. Stahl, 21

stone-knapping tools, 187, 212, 220; type R, 212; type S, 212

stratigraphy, 20, 32, 41

steam aggradation, 32, 122

Stubbs, Stanley A., and W. S. Stallings, Jr., 32, 66, 95, 99, 113, 118, 212, 220, 228, 234, 245, 260, 270

Sturnella sp., 59

Sweeney, Raymond, 92

Sylvilagus sp. See cottontail rabbits

 

Tabira pueblo, 95, 99

Tamaulipas, 117

Tamiasciurus hudsonicus. See squirrels: red

Taos, 4, 90, 92, 97, 98, 101

Taxidea taxus, 33

taxonomy, 18, 178n.3

Te’ewi site, 260

temperature, 8, 13, 35, 36, 104

Terrapene ornate, 35, 112, 113

Tesuque River, 100

Tewa Indians, 3, 234, 240

Texas, 31, 113

textiles: of feather cord, 255, 265, 267-84; of fur cord, 255, 265-67, 274, 280, 284

Thomomys sp. See pocket gophers: Botta’s; pocket gophers: northern

Thompson’s Peak, 67

Three Rivers Red-on-terracotta pottery, 95, 96

tinklers, 234

Tompiro pueblos, 94, 95, 97, 119

tools: flakers, 212, 222; hide-processing tools, 187, 213, 220; medicinal, 205; stone-knapping, 187, 212, 220; tool preforms, 194. See also awls

Tower, Donald B., 227, 243

trade, 9, 62, 96, 133, 242, 244

trapping, 54, 56

Tse-ta’a site, 89

Tuan, Yi-Fu, 31, 36

Tucson, 95

Tularosa Cave, 94

Turdis migratorius, 59

turkeys, 5, 74, 105, 131; availability of, 109; collection percentages of, 46, 128; domestic, 92, 96-99; herding of, 105, 109; husbandry of, 9, 97, 101, 104, 130, 132, 220; Merriam’s (Meleagris gallopavo merriami), 13, 91-93, 96, 104; MNI for, 59, 87, 90; southwestern, 91; Tualrosa (Meleagris gallopavo Tularosa), 10, 92, 94, 95, 97, 99, 133, 134; turkey calls, 205, 208; turkey feather textiles, 269, 270; turkey pens, 99, 101-5

turkey vulture, Cathartes aura, 60, 72

turquoise, 117, 235

Turritella sp., 227, 237

turtles, 9, 10, 111, 133; painted (Chrysemys picta), 111, 112-13, 114, 133; western box (Terrapene ornate), 35, 112, 113

Tyler Hamilton A., 59, 60, 90, 117

Tympanuchus sp., 178n.4

 

Unio sp., 227, 228, 238

University of Texas, 189, 227

Unshagi pueblo, 260

Upper Arroyo Hondo pueblo, 64, 67

Urocyn cinereoargenteus, 33, 77

Ursus arctos, 14

 

vegetation: clues to initial, 26-31; rabbit ratio and, 29; review and reconstruction of, 10, 42; riparian, 10, 35; succession of, 42; taxonomy for, 178n.3; zones for, 11; See also life zones

Venn, Tamsin, 9, 111, 118, 227

Ventana Cave, 284

Villagra, Gaspar Perez de, 101

Vogel, Virgil, 205

vole, Micotis sp., 126

Vorhies, Charles T., and Walter P. Taylor, 39

Vulpes vulpes, 14

 

Walnut Canyon, 93

Warren, A. Helene, 114

water, impounded, 34, 37, 122; water birds and, 64

weasel, Mustela frenata, 34

weaving methods, 265, 271

weeds, 33, 34, 38, 43

Wheeler, Richard P., 208, 212, 213

Wheelwright Museum, 192, 193

White, Leslie A., 54

White Mountain Red Ware pottery, 118, 245

White, Theodore E., 21

Whitmore, Jane, 66

Winmberly, Mark, and Peter Eidenbach, 78

wing fans, 60, 71, 74, 131

Wissler, Clark, 192

wolf, Canis lupus, 14, 77, 88, 215

Woodchuck Cave, 271

woodland, 25, 122; animals of, 10-12, 14, 19, 26-27, 33, 38; dense and open, 27, 28, 38, 41; grass in, 12, 32; huting in, 49, 64’ pinyon-juniper, 10, 26, 64; rabbits in, 29; regrowth of, 41, 43; transformation of 43; transition into forest, 13, 26; transition into shortgrass, 12; understory, 29

wood rats, Neotoma sp., 10, 33

Woodward, Arthur, 244

Woosley, Anne I., 4

 

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, 34

 

Youngman, P. N., 31

Yunque site, 100

 

Zarate Salmeron, 96

Zenaida macroura, 33

Zuni Indians, 208, 242, 243, 245

Food, Diet, and Population at Prehistoric Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, New Mexico

 

Abandonment. See Migration

Acorns, 28-29; effect on, 100

Agriculture: advent of, effect on diet and health, 5; yield estimates of, 46-55. See also Cultivars

Agropyron smithii, 190

Allium cernum, 29

Amaranth, 12, 18-19; pollen from, 199-201; protein content of, 119

American coot, 96

Animal foods: availability of, 6, 30-32, 41-42, 67; birds, 32, 78-81, 100, 108, 146; in children’s diets, 118; decline of, with drought, 98, 107-108; mule deer, 72-78; pronghorn antelope, 81-83; rabbits and hares, 67-72; turkeys, 78-71; under famine conditions, 100, 145-147

Antelope, pronghorn, 31, 41-42; caloric value of, 83; effect of drought on, 98; locations of, 81-82; population of, 81-83

Antilocapra Americana. See Antelope, pronghorn

Aquatic species, 96

Architecture, 6, 42-44

Arroyo Hondo Pueblo: abandonment of, during drought, 104, 138, 141-143; location characteristics of, 6, 33-35; occupational dates of, 6; physical structure of, 6, 42-44; ruins of 42-44; territory of, 35-38

Artifacts from burial pits, 251-255

 

Banana yucca, 12, 27; drought resistance of, 100; location of, 40; yield estimates of, 64

Bark sheets and strips, 252-253

Basketyr, 254-255

Beans, 11, 17-18, 34; land  use for planting of, 54-55; protein content of, 116, 118, 119; yield estimates of, 51-55; yield estimates of, during drought, 106

Bears, 32

Beeweed, 12, 21-22; pollen from, 201-202, 239-240

Berries, 28, 29

Birds: as food, 32; small, as famine food, 100, 146; turkeys, 32, 78-81, 108, 220

Birth rates, 139-141

Bouteloua gracilis, 190

Buckwheat, pollen from, 205-207, 241

Bulrushes, 100

Burials, 147-151; artifacts from, 251-255

 

Cactus: banana yucca. 12, 27, 40, 63, 100; caloric value of, 61-63; cholla, 26-27, 99, 190, 210-214, 242-243; drought resistance of, 99, 106; fruits from, 25-27, 99; hedgehog, 12, 25, 99; locations of, 40; pincushion, 25-26, 99, 209, 242; prickly pear, 26, 61-63, 99, 106, 190, 214-215, 242-243; yield estimates of, 60-63

Calories: from antelope, 83; from cactus, 61-63; content of in foods, 49-50, 171-173; from corn, 49-50, 84-86; from deer, 77, 78; from grasses, 66; human requirements of, 161-164; from pinyon nuts, 64-65; from plant foods, 49-50, 60, 61-63; 84-86; from rabbits, 70-72; shortage of, in children, 119-120

Cattails, 29, 190; pollen from, 215-217, 243

Ceremony. See Social organization

Cheno-ams, 19; high samples of, from alien annuals, 191, 197; pollen from, 197, 199-201, 219, 239

Chenopods, 12, 16, 18-19; pollen from, 199-201, protein content of, 119

Children: calorie shortage in, 119-120; chronic underfeeding of, 125; demographic effects of deaths of, 126-137; diet of, 115-123; effects of varying food resources on, 9, 10; long-term effects of PCM in, 122-123; mortality rates of, 9, 10, 115

Chie, 15, 24

Chimaha, 29

Chokecherry, 28, 100

Cholla cactus, 26-27; at Arroyo Hondo today, 190; drought resistance of, 99; pollen from, 210-214, 242-243

Chrysothamnus nauseosus, 190

Cleome serrulata, 12, 21-22; pollen from, 201-202, 239-240

Climate: contemporary, 88-89; field and laboratory methods of reconstructing from pollen, 192-196; health and demographic impact of, 155; prehistoric, 6, 35,,, 87-90; as reconstructed from pollen samples, 188-189; temperature, 90-92

Cloth, 253-254

Collecting of plants, 40-41; for lean times, 94, 99-100

Confidence interval, 249-250

Coot, 96

Corn, 11, 15-17, 34; caloric values of harvests of, 49-50, 84-86; chapolote-derived, 16, 46-47; decline of harvests of during drought, 97, 988-99,105-106; land used for planting of, 50-51; minimum yield of, before abandonment of village, 108-019; pollen from, 217-218, 243-244; protein content of, 116; yield estimates of, 46-51, 84-86

Cottontail rabbit: caloric value of, 70, 72; hunting of in lean times, 108; population of, 31, 69-70

Cottonwood: bark of, in burial pits, 253; buds, 29

Coyotes, 32

Cryptogams, 248; loss of, 191-192

Cucurbita pepo, 11-12, 18; pollen from, 202-204; yield estimates of 51-52

Cutivars: beans, 11, 17-18, 34, 51-55, 106, 116, 118, 119; pumpkins, 18; squash, 11-12, 18, 51-52, 202-204; yield estimates of, 46-55, 84-86. See also Corn

Curlew, long-billed, 96

Currants, 29, 100

Cycloloma atriplicifolia, 21

Cylindropuntia, 26-27; at Arroyo Hondo today, 190; drought resistance of, 99; pollen from, 210-214, 242, 243

Cymopterus purpureus, 29

Cyprus esculentus, 100, 190

 

Datura, 204, 240-241

Death rates. See Mortality rates

Demographic effects of children’s death, 126-137; in growing populations, 133-134; implications of, 138-141; time range of, 138

Demography, impact of food on, 8, 9-10

Dental abnormalities, 122

Descutrania pinnata, 29

Diet, 11ff; change in composition of, 111; death related to, 8-9, 152; deterioration of, with advent of agriculture, 5; difference in among individuals, 110-111; diseases caused by, 121-122; during famine, 100, 112, 114; during lean times, 111-113; meat in, 30-32, 41-42, 67-83; protein in, 112-113, 115; of young children, 115-123; weight loss due to, 113-114. See also Animal foods and Food base

Disease, 121-122

Drought: abandonment of pueblo during, 104, 138, 141-143; community-wide responses to, 100-103; decreases in population through, 105; demographic effects of, 126-143, 154-160; effects of, on animals, 98, 107-108; effects of, on children, 125-126, 134; effects of, on plants, 97-98; major, 95-98; minor, 95; regional approaches to, 103-104, responses to, 92-93, 98-100

 

Echinocereus triglochidiatus, 12, 25, 99

Emigration. See Migration

Energy; calorie content of foods, 171-173; human requirements for, 161-164. See also Calories

Entomophilous species, 196

Eriogonum, 205-207, 241

Ethnobotanical pollen, 196-198; from beeweed, 201-202, 239-240; from buckwheat, 205-207, 239-241; from cattails, 215-217, 243; from cheno-ams, 199-201, 239; from cholla cactus, 210-214, 242-243; from corn, 217-218, 243-244; from jimsonweed, 204,240-241; from Opuntia, 242-243; from pincushion cactus, 209, 242; from prickly pear cactus, 214-215, 242-243; from squash, 202-204, 240; from sunflowers, 207-209, 241-242; from turkey dung, 220; from basins, 218-220; from unidentified sources, 244-246

Ethnographic information, 13-14

Eurotia lanata, 191

 

Family: average size of, 43; changes in, as cause to abandon residence units, 44; migration of, after drought, 142; nuclear vs. extended, 44

Famine: internal management of, 100-103; psychological effects of, 102-103, 114; physiological effects of, 113-114

Famine foods, 100, 112, 114, 144-146

Farmers, nutritional stress in, 5

Farming: amount of land for, 35-36, 42; or corn, caloric values from, 49-50; fields for, lying fallow, 58-59; growing season for, 92; land, amount used for, 52-54; land available for, during drought, 105; new methods of, caused by population dips, 159; types of land for, 38-39; yield estimates from, 46-55; yield estimates from, during drought, 95, 97

Fat, 86

Fauna. See Animal foods

Fertility: effects of malnutrition on, 114-115; rates of, 137-138

Fiber cloth and strands, 252, 253-254

Fields: fallow, weeds from, during drought, 106-107; number of lying fallow, 58-59

Floral remains. See Plant remains and Food base

Food base, 6, 10; of animals, 30-32, 67-83; corn as, caloric values od, 49-50; famine foods, 100, 112, 114, 144-145; human responses to, 7; during major drought, 95-100; during minor drought, 93-95; mule deer as, 72-78; plants as, 11-29, 49-60; pronghorn antelope as, 81-83; rabbits and hares as, 67-72; trading of, during droughts, 103-104; turkeys as, 78-81; weedy annuals as, yield estimates of, 55-60; wild, sources as, 84; yield estimates of, 46-86

Food production, shift to, from food collection, 5

Food shortages: archeological evidence of, 144-155; community-wide responses to, 100-103; faunal evidence of, 145-147; major, 95-98, 114; malnutrition during, 120-121; minor, during early Pueblo period, 93-95; regional approaches to, 103-104; responses to, 92-93, 98-100; weight loss due to, 113-114

Food stress. See Food shortages

Food supply, redistribution of, among community, 110-111

Forage range, 40, 42

Foxes, 32

Fruits: from cactus, 25-27; from cactus during drought, 99; from tress, 27-29

Fulica americana, 96

 

Game: changing population of, 67-83; depletion of, 98; effects of, on indigenous vegetation, 34, 45; quantity available during drought years, 107-108; quantity of near Arroyo Hondo, 6, 30-32, 41-42, 67; used for starvation food, 100, 145-147. See also Animal foods

Gathering, 40-41, 42

Gavia, 96

Goosefoot, 18-19; effects of overgrazing on, 191

Gophers, 32, 108

Grains, See Seeds

Grama grass, 190

Grasses, wild, 24-25; cool-season, rarity of, 190-191; grama, in Arroyo Hondo today, 190; Indian rice grass, 12, 40, 65-66; mutton grass, 190; needle-and-thread, 191; squirreltail, 191; as starvation food, 144; wheatgrass, 190; yield estimates of, during drought, 98, 100

Grazing, effects of on vegetation, 34, 35, 190-192

Ground cherry, 12, 23-24

Growing season, 92

 

Hares, 31; caloric value of, 70, 72; hunting of in lean times, 107-108; population of, 67-70

Health, deterioration of with advent of agriculture, 5

Hedgehog cactus, 12, 25; drought resistance of, 99

Helianthus, 12, 22-23; effect of overgrazing on, 191; pollen from, 207-209, 241-242

Hunter-gatherers, nutritional stress in, 5

Hunting: characteristics of, during drought, 98, 107-108, 145-147; impact of changing animal population on, 66-67; of mule deer, 74-78, 145; of pronghorn antelope, 82-83’ of rabbits, 69-70, 72; territory for, 41-42; of turkeys, 78-81

 

Immigrants, increase in population from, 44, 137, 142

Indian rice grass, 12, 24-25; caloric value of, 66; locations of, 40, 65-66; present rarity of, 190; yield estimates of, 65-66

Insect pollination, 196

 

Jackrabbits, 31, 42; caloric value of, 70, 72; population of, 67-70

Jimsonweed, pollen from, 204, 240-241

Juncus saximontanus, 100

Juniper, 28, 190; increased density of from overgrazing, 192

Juniperus monosperma, 28, 190

 

Kochia scoparia, 191

 

Lagomorphs, 31, 42; caloric value of, 70, 72; hunting of, in lean times, 107-108; population of, 67-70

Lamb’s-quarters, 18-19

Lepus californicus texianus, 31, 42; caloric value of, 70, 72; hunting of in lean times, 107-108; population of, 67-70

Long-billed curlew, 96

Loon, 96

Lycium pallidum, 29

 

Macrofloral materials, See Plant foods

Maize. See Corn

Mammals. See Animal foods

Mammilaria, 12, 25-26

Marriage, 158

Meat. See Animal foods

Mentzelia albicaulis, 29

Mice, 31; as famine food, 100

Microfossil, plant, 246-247

Migration, 138; during drought, 104, 138, 141-143; effects of, 141-143

Mortality rates, 132-133, 138, 143, 151; of children, 9, 115, 125, 126, 143, 147, 155; of elderly, 8, 114

Mule deer, 30-31; caloric value of, 77, 78; effects of drought on, 98, 108, 145; hunting of, 74-78, 145; location of, 72; population of, 72-78

Mustard, tansy, 29

Mutton grass, 190

 

Needle-and-thread, 191

Neolithic period, population increases during, 5

Numenius americanus, 96

Nutrients: decrease in, during lean times, 112, 114; human needs of, 7-8. See also Stress, nutritional

Nutrition: biochemical and physiological aspects of, 7; cultural and ecological factors of, 8; disease caused by under-, 121-122; human requirements of, 7-8; inadequate, 114; inadequate for children, 116-123; societal factors of, 8. See also Stress, nutritional

Nutritional stress, See Stress, nutritional

Nuts, 27-29; acorns, 28-29, 100; pinyon, 12, 27-28, 40, 63-65, 100

 

Oak, 28

Odocoileus hemionus. See Mule deer

One-seeded juniper, 28, 190

Onion, wild, 29

Opuntia. See Prickly pear cactus

Oryzopsis hymenoides, 12, 24-25; caloric value of, 66; locations of, 40, 65-66; present rarity of, 190; yield estimates of, 65-66

 

PCM. See Protein-calorie malnutrition

Phaseolus vulgaris, 11, 17-18, 34; land used for planting of, 54-55; protein content of, 116, 118, 119; yield estimates of, 51-55; yield estimates during drought, 106

Physalis, 12, 23-34

Pigweed, 18-19; winged variety of, 21

Pincushion cactus, 25-26; drought resistance of, 99; pollen from, 209, 242

Pinus edulis, 12, 27, 28; bark of, in burial pits, 253; increased density of from overgrazing, 192; location of, 40

Pinus ponderosa, 190; bark of, in burial pits, 253

Pinyon nuts, 12, 27-28; caloric value of, 64-65; drought resistance of, 100; locations of, 40; yield estimates of, 63-65

Pinyon pine, 12, 27, 28; bark of, in burial pits; 253; increased density of, from overgrazing, 192; location of, 40

Plant collecting, 40-41; forage range, 40, 42

Plant foods: archeological remains of, 13-15, 175-183; caloric values of, 49-50, 60, 61-63, 84-86; fruits, wild, 25-29, 99; miscellaneous, 29; weedy annuals, 11-12, 18-24, 40, 55-60, 97-98, 191; wild, 11-12, 18-29, 40, 59, 60; wild grasses, 24-25, 40, 65-66, 98, 100, 144, 190. See also Cultivars

Plant microfossil, 246-247

Plant remains, archeological, 13-15, 175-183. See also Plant foods

Plants, wild, 11-12, 18-29; caloric values of, 60; locations of, 40, 59

Poa fendleriana, 190

Pollen: as analytical tool, 13, 188ff; from beeweed, 201-202, 239-240; from buckwheat, 205-207; from cactus, 25, 26-27; from cattails, 215-217, 243; from cheno-ams, 19, 199-201, 239; from cholla cactus, 210-214, 242-243; from Cleome, 22; from corn, 16, 217-218, 243-244; field and laboratory methods of reconstructing climate from, 192-196; from jimsonweed, 204, 240-241; from Opuntia, 242-243; from pincushion cactus, 209, 242; from prickly pear cactus, 214-215, 242-243; from squash, 202-204, 240; from sunflowers, 23, 207-209, 241-242; transportation modes of, 196-198; from turkey dung, 220; from unidentified sources, 244-246

Ponderosa pine, 190; bark of, in burial pits, 253

Population: balance between food supply and, 6-10, 108-110; of Component I, 46; demographic characteristics of as seen through burials, 147-151; demographic effects on after deaths in children, 126-133, 134-138; demographic effects on after deaths of children , and with a growing population, 133-134; dips, archeological evidence for, 153-160; effect of drought on, 105, 154-150; effect of one-year drought on, 134; estimated from number of rooms, 43-46; family size, 43; fluctuations in, 154-160; increase of through immigrants, 44; increases in after shift to food production, 5; as influence on amount of land and resources used, 42, 49-51

Populus, 29

Portulaca retusa, 12, 16, 19-21, 97

Potherbs, 19

Prairie dogs, 31, 145-146

Precipitation: contemporary, 88-89; effect on weedy annuals, 60; influence on bean farming, 52; influence on corn farming, 48, 51; prehistoric, 6, 88, 89-90, 93. See also Drought

Prickly pear cactus, 26; today, 190; caloric value of, 61-62; drought resistance of, 99, 106; pollen from 214-215, 242-243; yield estimates of, 61-63

Pronghorn antelope, 31, 41-42; caloric value of, 83; effect of drought on, 98; location of, 81-82; population of, 81-83

Protein, in children’s diets, 115-120; content of in seeds, 118; in diet, 112-113, 115; long-term effects of inadequate, 122-123; requirements, 165-169

Protein-calorie malnutrition, 9, 156; in children, 119-123; mortality rates from, 125; as seen in skeletal remains, 151-153

Prunus virginiana, 28, 100

Pumpkin, 18

Purslane, 12, 16, 19-21, 97

 

Quercus, 28-29; effect of drought on, 100

 

Rabbit brush, 190

Rabbits, 31, 42; caloric value of, 70, 72; hunting of, in lean times, 107-108; population of, 67-70

Raiding, 104

Rainfall. See precipitation

Rats, 31; as famine food, 100

Reptiles, as famine food, 100

Rhus trilobata, 29

Ribes, 29, 100

Rocky Mountain bee plant, 21-22

Rushes, 100

Russian thistle, 191

 

Salix, 190

Salsola kali, 191

Scirpus olneyi, 100

Seasonings: acorn meal, 29; amaranth, 19; chenopod, 19; chile, 15; ground cherry, 24; juniper berry, 28; wild onion, 29

Sedges, 100, 190

Seeds: from cactus, 25-27; from chenopods and amaranth, 18-19, 201; from Indian rice grass, 25; protein content of, 118; from purslane, 19-21; from Rocky Mountain bee plant, 21-22; from sunflowers, 22-23; from tansy mustard, 29; from trees, 27-29; from wild plants, 12; from winged-pigweed, 21; yield estimates of 55-60; yield estimates of during drought, 106-107

Sitanion hystrix, 191

Skeletal indicators of nutritional stress, 151-153, 155

Skunkweed, 21-22

Social organization, 157-160

Soil: 34; for corn growing, 48; formations of, 38-39; loss of fertility of during drought, 97

Spores, 247-248

Squash, 11-12, 18; pollen from, 202-204; yield estimates of, 51-52

Squaw bush, 29

Squirrels, 31, 146

Squirreltail, 191

Starvation foods, 100, 112, 114, 144-146

Stickleaf, 29

Stipa comata, 191

Stockpiling, 92, 93-94

Stress, nutritional: community-wide responses to, 100-103; of farmers vs. hunter-gatherers, 5; induced by climatic factors, 93-94; major, 95-98; minor, 94-95; regional approaches to, 103-104; responses to, 92-93, 98-100; skeletal indicators of, 151-153, 155

Summer cypress, 191

Sunflowers, 12, 22-23; effects of overgrazing on, 191; pollen from, 207-209, 241-242

Sweetening agent, yucca as, 27

Sylvilagus: caloric value of, 70, 72; hunting of in lean times, 108; population of, 31, 69-70

 

Tansy mustard, 29

Temperature, See Climate

Trading of food during droughts, 103-104

Tumbleweed, 191

Turkeys, 32; hunting of in lean times, 108; location of, 78; pollen from dung of, 220; population of, 78-81

Twine, 251-252

Typha latifolia, 29, 190; pollen from, 215-217, 243

 

Vegetation: today, 188-192; effects of grazing on, 34, 35, 190-192; prehistoric, 6, 87, 189-190; as reconstructed from pollen samples, 197ff. See also Plant foods

 

Warfare, 104

Water: for irrigation, 38-39, 48; sources at Arroyo Hondo, 6, 33-34

Weapons, 104

Weedy annuals, 11-12, 18-24; caloric values of, 60; effects of overgrazing on, 191; locations of, 40, 59; yield estimates of, 55-60; yield estimates of during drought, 97-98

Wheatgrass, 190

Wild grasses, 24-25; cool season, rarity of, 190-191; grama, today 190; Indian rice grass, 12, 40, 65-66, 190; mutton grass, 190; needle-and-thread, 191; squirreltail, 191; as starvation food, 144; wheatgrass, 190; yield estimates of during drought, 98, 100

Wild onion, 29

Wild plants, 11-12, 18-29; caloric value of, 60; locations of, 40, 59; yield estimates of, during drought, 98, 100, 106-107; yield estimates of prickly pear and banana yucca cactus, 60-63; yield estimates of weedy annuals, 55-60

Willow, 190

Wind pollination, 196-198

Winged pigweed, 21

Winterfat, 191

Wolf berries, 29

Wooden artifacts, 255

 

Yucca baccata, 12, 27; drought resistance of, 100; location of, 40; yield estimates of, 63

 

Zea mays, See Corn.

The Architecture of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, New Mexico

 

Acoma Pueblo, 150

Adams, E. Charles, 117, 149, 152

Archaeomagnetic dates, 139-40

Arroyo Hondo project, xi, xiii, xiv

Arroyo Hondo Pueblo: archaeomagnetic dates from, 139-140; architectural data from, 166-211; architectural sample from, 10; ceramics from, 4-6; chronology of, 4-6; Component I construction at, 12-39; Component II construction at, 40-56; domestic activities at, 150-51; environment of, 12, 2; excavation and recording methods at, 6, 7-10; growth of, xii-xiii, 140-48; history of research at, 6-10; kivas at, 88-109; plazas at 57-87; population of, 152-154; provenience notation for, 155; residence units at, 121-30, 131-33, 151; room function at, 110-21, 130-31; spring at, 1, 5; trade at, xii, 154; tree-ring dates from, 156-65

 

Broken K Pueblo, 117, 120, 121

Burials and human remains: in kiva, 94-95; in plazas, 76, 80, 87; in room floors, 32, 50

 

Ceramics, 4-6: in living vs. storage rooms, 120; in subfloor kica cists, 94, 103; Tesuque Smeaerd-Indentd jar as paho house, 94; Wiyo Black-on-white jar in sipapu, 103, 108

Ceremonial rooms, See under Room types

Chaco Canyon, room platforms, 52

Check dam, 87

Chronology, 4-6. See also Archaeomagnetic dates; Tree-ring dates

Cieneguilla (site), 10

Cists: in kivas, 90, 94, 103; in rooms, 31-32, 33, 50, 51

Component I, 12, 38-39; archaeomagnetic dates, 139-40; architectural data, 166-191; burials, 32; burned areas, 30-31; ceiling entries, 24, 27; ceramics, 120; ceremonial rooms, 113-114, 117, 119, 120-21, 131, 151-52; cists, 31-32, 33; compared with Component II, 55-56; construction methods, 13-24, 148, 149-50; date of, 2, 4; doorways, 22, 24, 25-26; excavated sample, 9; floor construction, 22, 23-24; growth, 140-47; hearths, 26-30; jacal room, 38; kivas, 88-103, 104-6, 151; ladder impressions, 25-26, 27; layout and design, 12-13; living rooms, 112-14, 120-21, 128, 131, 133; pit room, 37-38; plaza orientation, 12-13; population, 152-53; post holes, 32-33, 34; religious storage room, 113-14; residence units, 123-28, 132; roof construction, 18-21; rooftop work areas, 113-14, 119, 131; room stratigraphy, 13, 15, 16; shelves, 34-35, 37; storage rooms, 112, 113-14, 120-21, 131, 133; tree-ring dates, 134-38, 140, 145, 146, 147; tree species selection, 138-39; ventilators, 33-34, 35, 36; wall finger impressions, 17-18, 20; wall footings, 13-14; wall niches, 34, 37; wall pegs, 35-36; wall plaster, 17, 36; walls, adobe, 15-17, 18, 19; walls, masonry, 14-15, 17, 18

Component II, 40: archaeomagnetic dates, 139-40; architectural data, 191-207; burials, 50; burned areas, 50; burned rooms, 41, 53-55, 148; ceiling entries, 47, 49; cists, 50, 51; compared with Component I, 55-56; construction methods, 41-53, 148, 149-50; date of, 4, 40, 54-55; doorways, 45, 47; excavated sample, 9; floor construction, 44-45; growth, 147-48; hanging pole, 52; hearths, 48-50; kivas, 106-7, 108, 151; ladder impressions, 48, 49; layout and design, 40; living rooms, 115-16, 117, 118, 120-21, 131, 133; mealing bins, 53, 54; population, 153; post holes, 50, 51; racks, 52, 53; residence units, 125-26, 128-30, 132, 133; reuse of Component I rooms, 42; roof construction, 42, 44, 46, 55; rooftop work areas, 115-16, 119, 131; room size, 41-42, 120-121; room stratigraphy, 40, 43; shelf, 52, 53; site preparation, 41; storage rooms, 112, 115-16, 120-21, 131, 133; tree-ring dates, 134-38, 140, 145, 146, 147; tree species selection, 138-39; ventilators, 134, 136-38, 147; tree species selection, 138-139; ventilators, 50-51, 52; wall footings, 13-14, 41-42, 44, 45; walls, adobe, 42; wood depletion, 150

 

Dean, Jeffrey S., 132

Doorways, 22, 24, 25-26, 45, 47; blocked, 22, 27, 47

Dozier, Edward P., 117

 

Ellis, Florence H., 104

 

Features. See Plaza features; Room floor features

Firepits or ovens, 73, 75, 77, 85. See also Hearths

Floors: burned areas on, 30-31, 50; construction of, 22, 23-24, 44-45, 46; post holes in, 32-33, 34, 50, 51; racks on, 52, 53. See also Cists; Hearths; Room floor features

Floor drum, 94, 100, 104

 

Gateways, 68-69, 72, 80

Habicht-Mauche, Judith A., 154

Hearths: in kivas, 90, 91, 92, 93, 101, 102, 104, 106, 108; in living rooms, 26-30, 48-50, 150. See also Firepits or ovens

Hopi, wall footings, 42. See also Walpi

Hunter-Anderson, Rosalind, 121

 

Katsina cult, and plaza layout, 13, 57, 149, 152

Kiva (Component II), 106-7, 108, 151; attributes of, 89; construction techniques of, 97, 99; hearth complex in, 102, 106, 108; jar in, 103, 108; loom holes in, 102, 106; sipapu in, 103, 106, 108; ventilator in, 102-3, 106

Kivas (Component I), 88-103, 104-6, 151; attributes of, 89; construction techniques of, 91-92, 100-101; foot drum, 94, 100, 104; hearth complexes in, 90, 91, 92, 93, 101, 104; human remains in, 94-95; loom holes in, 92, 94; paho house in, 90, 92, 93, 94; painted plaster in, 91; pot in subfloor cist in, 90, 94, 103; sipapus (floor holes) in, 90, 92, 94; ventilators in, 90, 91, 92, 93-94, 101, 102; wall niches in, 90, 92, 94, 105

Kivas (general), 88, 104-5, 111-12

Kuaua (site), 16

 

Ladders, 25-26, 27, 48, 49

Loom holes, 92, 94, 102, 106

 

Mealing bins or areas: in plazas, 70, 73, 82, 85, 86; in rooms, 53, 54, 151

 

Nelson, Nels C., 6, 7, 10

 

Ortiz, Alfonso, 103, 104-5

 

Pa’ako (site), 18, 117, 122, 150

Paho houses, 90, 92, 93, 94

Pindi (site), 11: buried vessels in kivas at, 86; ceiling entries at, 24; ceremonial rooms at, 117; floor construction at, 22; hearths at, 30; kivas at, 105-6; layout and design of, 12; roof height at, 19; room size at, 18, 122; shelves at, 34, turkey pens at, 71; ventilators at, 34; wall footings at, 13, 14; wall niches at, 34; wall pegs at, 36; wall plaster at, 17, 36; walls, adobe, at, 16

Plaza features, 61, 64-76, 80-87; burials, 76, 87; burned wall areas, 75, 85; firepits or ovens, 66, 73, 75, 77, 85; gateways, 68-69, 72, 80; masonry walls and terraces, 72-73; mealing bins or areas, 64, 65, 66, 70, 71, 73, 81, 82, 85, 86; pits, unfired, 75, 76, 85-86; portales, 71-72, 85; post enclosures, 86; rubble masonry rooms, 75-76; turkey pens, 64-65, 69, 70-71, 74, 75, 78, 81, 85; windbreaks or dividers, 64, 71, 72; winnowing basins, 61, 71, 73, 76, 85

Plazas, 57; Component I, 57, 58-68, 69, 70, 71; Component II, 57, 76-87; development of, 87; domestic activities in, 151; katsina cult and, 13, 57, 149, 152; stratigraphy of, 57-58, 77-78, 80. See also Plaza features

Population, 152-54

Portales, 71-72, 85

Poshi (site), 11; cists at, 32; floor construction at, 22; hearths at, 30; layout and design of, 12; post holes at, 33; roof construction at, 21; roof height at, 19; room size at, 18, 122; ventilators at, 34; wall footings at, 14; wall plaster at, 17, 36; walls, adobe, at, 16

Pueblo del Encierro (site), 11; floors at, 45; hearths at, 49; kivas at, 106-7; layout and design of, 40; room size at, 122; wall footings at, 14; walls, adobe, at, 16

 

Quarry areas, andesite, 14

 

Residence units: Component I, 123-28, 132; Component II, 125-26, 128-30, 132, 133; identification of, 121-22

Rio Grande Valley, northern: aggregation in, 153; prehistory of, xi-xii; population trends in, 10-11

Roof: construction, 18-21, 42, 44, 46, 55; entries, 24, 27, 47, 49; height, 18-19, latilla types, 19-20, 21, 44, 46; materials, 19, 20, 42, 44, 55

Rooftop work areas, 151; attributes of, 111, 119, 130; Component II, 113-14, 119, 131; Component II, 115-16, 119, 131

Room floor features: burials, 32, 50; burned areas, 30-31, 50; cists, 31-32, 33, 50, 51; hearths, 26-30, 48-50; ladder impressions, 25-26, 27, 48, 49; mealing bins, 53, 54; post holes, 32-33, 34, 50, 51

Rooms: burned, 13-14, 41, 53-55, 148, 154; decoration of, 36; size of, 13-14, 18, 41-42, 120-21, 130-31; stratigraphy of, 13, 15, 40, 43. See also Room floor features; Room types

Room types, 110-12; ceremonial, 11, 113-14, 117, 119, 120-21, 131, 151-52; granary, 111; jacal, 38; living, 111, 112-17, 118, 120-21, 128, 131, 133; mealing, 111; pit, 37-38; religious storage, 111, 113-14; rubble masonry, 75-76; storage, 111, 112, 113-16, 120-21, 131, 132, 133, 150. See also Kivas

 

Sapawe (site), 16

Shelves, 34-35, 37, 52, 53

Shrine, 103, 109

Sipapus, 90, 92, 94, 103, 106, 108

Stratigraphy: plaza, 57-58, 77-78, 80; room, 13, 15, 16, 40, 43

 

Te’ewi (site), 11; ceremonial room at, 117; cists at, 32; floor construction at, 22; hearths at, 30, 150; human remains in kiva at, 95; kivas at, 105; layout and design, 12; post holes at, 33; roof construction at, 21; room size at, 18, 122; ventilators at, 34; wall footings at, 14; wall niches, 24; wall plaster at, 17; walls at, 15, 16

Tewa, kivas of, 104-5

Tijeras (site), 11, 40

Tree-ring dates: Component I, 38, 59, 63, 68, 75, 80, 91, 134-38; Component II, 54-55, 134, 136-38; listing of, 156-65

Tsama (site), 11, 30

Turkey pens, 69, 70-71, 74, 75, 78, 85

 

Unshagi (site), 11; ceremonial rooms at, 117; cists at, 50; hearths at, 49; kivas, 106; layout and design of, 40; post holes at, 50; walls at, 15

 

Ventilators or vent holes: in kivas, 90, 91, 92, 93-94, 101, 102-3; in living rooms, 33-34, 35, 36, 50-51, 52; plugs for, 33

 

Walls: adobe, 15-17, 18, 19, 42; burned areas on, 75, 85; finger impressions on, 17-18, 20; footings for, 13-14, 41-42, 44, 45; hanging pole in, 52; masonry, 13, 14-15, 17, 18; niches in kiva, 90, 92, 94, 105; niches in room, 34, 37; pegs in, 35-36; plaster on, 17, 36. See also Doorways; Ventilators or vent holes

Walpi (Hopi village), 117, 120, 138

Wendorf, Fred, 95

Wetterstrom, Wilma, 153

Winnowing basins, 31, 61, 71, 73, 76, 85

Wood: depletion, 139, 150; species use, 19, 138-39

 

The Pottery from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, New Mexico

 

Index

 

Abiquiu Black-on-white, 26, 97; Component I frequency, 169-170, 173, 174, 179; Component II frequency, 174, 175-76, 179-80; dates, 10, 26, 179; decoration, 29, 49, 50; paste, 26; source, 81, 85; temper, 26, 65, 82, 135-37; vessel morphology, 40, 42

Agua Fria Glaze-on-red, 35; Component II frequency, 175-76, 181; dates, 10, 181; decoration, 37, 57; sources, 85; temper, 73, 74, 143-44; vessel morphology, 42

Agua Fria Schoolhouse (site), 90; ceramics from, 54, 93, 178; location of, 2, 6

Alfred Herrera (site), 28

Ancha formation, 76, 78

Arroyo Hondo project, xiv, xvi-xvii

Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, abandonment of, xiv; archaeomagnetic dates from, 172, 176; geologic resources near, 76-77, 78; growth of, xiii-xiv; location of, xii, 2, 6; pottery manufacture at, 80; temporal framework for, 7; tree-ring dates from, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 174, 176

 

Bandelier, Adoph F., 8

Bandelier Black-on-white, 97

Barth, Fredrik, 3, 4

Biscuit ware, 26, 97, 98

Bonney, Rachel A., 205-6, 209, 211

Burnt Corn (site), 92

 

Ceramic balls, 183-85, 198

Ceramic beads, 183-84, 198

Ceramic effigies: bird, 195-96; chronology of, 197; provenience of, 183-84; 196; Pueblo, 196, 197-98; round body quadrupled, 193-95; use of, 197-98

Ceramic pipes: chronology of, 190-91; manufacture of, 188-89; Navajo, 190, 191, 192; provenience of, 183-85, 190; Pueblo, 192; types of, 182, 185-88; use of, 191-92

Chakam (site), 93

Chamisa Locita (site), 6, 91

Chupadero Black-on-white, 18, 18; Component I frequency, 169-70, 172, 173, 174, 180; dates, 10, 17, 180; source, 85; temper, 61, 84, 138

Cibola White Ware: dates, 10; sources, 85; temper, 61; types, 15-17. See also names of individual types

Cieneguilla (site, 2, 91

Cienguilla Glaze-on-yellow, 36, 97; Component I frequency, 169-70; Component II frequency, 175-76; dates, 10, 36; paste, 36; sources, 85; temper, 36, 73, 75, 76, 149-52; vessel size, 47

Clay: micaceous, 15, 75, 80; sources, 80. See also X-ray fluorescence analysis

Climate: Component I, 166, 168, 171, 172; Component II, 177; early Coalition period, 88; late Coalition period-early Classic period transition, 89, 90, 91

Component I, 5-7; analyzed sample from, 11, 12; ceramic frequencies, 100-107, 113-14, 177-78, 179, 180, 181; ceramic horizon groups, 167-73, 174; ceramic pipes, 191; climatic conditions, 166, 168, 171, 172; decorated types, 21; flaked-stone artifacts, 218, 220, 236, 237; ground-stone artifacts, 217, 219; miscellaneous ceramic artifacts, 183-84; pottery sources, 84-85; residence units, 232-36; site plan, xv

Component II, 7; analyzed samples from, 11, 12; ceramic frequencies, 107-12, 114-18, 178, 179, 180-81; ceramic horizon groups, 173-77; ceramic pipes, 191; climatic conditions, 117; decorated types, 21; flaked stone artifacts, 217, 218-19; lithic analysis, 206; miscellaneous ceramic artifacts, 184-85; pottery sources, 84-85; residence units, 232-36; site plan, xvi

Cordova Micaceous Ribbed, 13

Cores, 211, 213; by analysis year, 216; by component, 218, 220; by roomblock, 224, 227; by site context, 218, 232, 236, 237

Corn processing, 219, 220-21

Craft specialization, 95-96

Creamer, Winifred, 225-26, 230, 231-32, 235

Cundiyo Micaceous Smeared Indented, 13, 14

 

Drills and gravers, 211, 212; by analysis year, 216; by component, 218, 220; by roomblock, 224, 227; by site context, 229, 232, 236, 237

 

Early Classic period: specialized craft production, 96; temper, 96-97; trade, 94-95, 97; tribalization, 94

Early Coalition period, 87-89

Espinaso volcanis, 77, 81, 83

Espinosa Polychrome, 175

Ethnic group boundaries in upper Rio Grande valley, 91, 94, 95; contact, 4; definition of, 3-4

 

Flaked-stone artifacts: by analysis year, 216; by component, 218, 220; by roomblock, 223, 224-25, 227; by site context, 228-31, 232, 236, 237; types of, 211-13

Flakes, 211, 213, 218; by analysis year, 216; by component, 218, 220; by roomblock, 224, 227; by site context, 229, 232, 236, 237

Forked Lightening (site), 2, 22, 92, 180

Fourmile Polychrome, 93

Fourmile style, 98

 

Galisteo (site) 2, 95

Galisteo Black-on-white, var. Arroyo Hondo, 80

Galisteo Black-on-white, var. Galisteo, 26, 28, 31, 54, 92, 93; Component I frequency, 167, 168, 169-70, 171, 172, 173, 174, 177, 178; Component II frequency, 174, 175-76, 177, 178; dates, 10; decoration, 28, 30, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55; paste, 28, 67, 69; source, 25, 81, 85; temper, 28, 65-67, 69, 119-21; vessel morphology, 40, 41, 42

Galisteo Black-on-white, var. Kendi: dates, 10, 28; paste, 28, 67, 70; source, 81, 83, 85; temper, 28, 67, 70, 81, 119. See also Kendi Black-on-white

Galisteo formation, 77, 78

Glaze A Red, 46, 96; paste, 73, 75; sources, 25, 85; temper, 73, 83, 139-43

Glaze A Yellow. See Cienguilla Glaze-on-yellow

Glaze B Red. See Largo Glaze-on-red

Gleeson (site), 194

Grinding slabs. See Metates

Grinding stones. See Manos

Ground-stone artifacts by analysis year, 215-16; by component, 217, 218-29; by roomblock, 221, 222, 226; by site context, 225-26, 228, 230-31, 232-34; types of, 208-11

 

Habicht-Mauche, Judith A., 225-26, 230, 231-232, 235

Hammerstones, 209, 210; by analysis year, 215; by component, 217, 219; by roomblock, 222, 226; by site context, 228, 231, 233-34

Heshotauthla Polychrome, 33, 93; Component I frequency, 169-70, 171, 173, 174; Component II frequency, 175; dates, 10, 180; decoration, 33, 34, 57; temper, 84, 154-55; vessel morphology, 42

 

Kachina cult, 97-98

Kendi Black-on-white, 28. See also Galisteo Black-on-white var. Kendi

Kidder, Alfred V., 8, 13, 236-37. See also Pecos

Knives, 211, 212, 218; by analysis year, 216; by component, 218, 220; by roomblock, 224, 227; by site context, 229, 232, 236, 237

Kwahe’e Black-on-white: Component I frequency, 169-70, 174, 180; Component II frequency, 175; dates, 10, 180; paint, 15; paste, 16; source, 85; temper, 61, 138

Kwakina Polychrome

 

LA 8843-8845 (sites), 92

Lang, Richard W., 11, 13

Largo Glaze-on-red, 36; dates, 10; sources, 85; temper, 73, 146-48

Las Madres (site); ceramic effigies from, 197; ceramic pipe from, 186; ceramics from, 26, 28, 33-34, 36, 92, 96; locations of, 2

Late Coalition period-early Classic period transition, 5; aggregation, 89, 90, 91; ceramics 91-94; conflict, 90; ethnic alliances, 91; ethnic boundaries, 94; immigration, 89; Mesa Verde influence, 89; mobility, 90

Linford, Laurance, 206-7, 209, 211, 238

Little Colorado area, upper, 84, 87, 93

Los Padillas Polychrome, 33, 93-94; Component II frequency, 175-76; dates, 10; decoration, 57; paste, 73; source, 25, 85; temper, 33, 73, 84, 144-45

 

Manos, 208, 209-10; by analysis year, 215; by component, 217, 219; intrasite distribution of, 221; by roomblock, 222, 226; by site context, 226, 228, 231, 233-34

Martinez, Alice, 81

Mera, H. P., 8, 13

Mesa Verde: abandonment of, 87, 88; ceramic influence, 28, 54, 89, 91-92

Metates, 208-9, 210; by analysis year, 215, by component, 217, 219; intrasite distribution of, 221; by roomblock, 222, 226; by site context, 226, 228, 231, 233-24

Minerals, 209, 210-11; by analysis year, 215; by component, 217, 219, 233-34; by roomblock, 222, 226; by site context, 228, 231, 233-24

 

Navajo, effigies, 197; pipe making, 190; pipe use, 191, 192

 

Ornaments, stone, 209, 210-11; by analysis year, 215; by component, 217, 219; by roomblock, 222, 226; by site context, 228, 231, 233-34

 

Paa-ko (site): ceramic balls from, 198; ceramic effigies from, 192, 197; ceramic pipes from, 186, ceramics from, 47, 180; location of, 2

Pajarito Smeared Indented, 14-15

Pajarito White Ware: biscuit ware, 26, 97, 98; dates, 10; decoration, 47-53; regional styles of, 25, 86; sources, 85; temper, 62-73; vessel morphology, 40, 41-47; See also names of individual types

Palisade Ruins, 2, 92

Paste. See Clay; X-ray fluorescence analysis; under names of individual ceramic types

Pecos Pueblo (site): ceramic balls from, 198; ceramic effigies from, 192, 193; ceramic pipes from, 182, 185, 186, 188, 190; ceramics from, 22, 28, 31, 47, 54, 80, 83, 92-93, 97, 98, 180; location of, 2, 95

Petrographic analysis, 59-86, 119-56

Pindi (site), 90; ceramic effigies from, 192, 197; ceramic pipes from, 186; ceramics from, 22, 31, 41, 54, 96, 166, 167, 170, 171-72, 173, 180; location of, 2, 6; stone artifacts from, 238-39

Pindi Black-on-white: Component I frequency, 167, 168, 169-70, 171-72, 174, 177; Component II frequency, 174, 175-76, 178. See also Santa Fe Black-on-white, car, Pindi

Pinedale style, 35, 98

Poge Black-on-white, 28: Component I frequency, 167, 168, 169-70, 171, 172, 173, 174, 177, 178; Component II frequency, 174, 175-76, 177, 178. See also Rowe Black-on-white, var. Poge

Polishing stones, 209, 210; by analysis year, 215; by component, 217, 219; by roomblock, 222, 226; by site context, 228, 231, 233-34

Population: increase, 87; movement, 87-88, 89

Poshu (site): ceramic effigies from, 192; ceramic pipes from, 186, 188; prayer plume base from, 200

Pot Creek (site), 2, 186, 190

Pottery: form and function, 36; series, 9; type, 9, 11; variety, 11; ware, 9. See also Clay; Pottery forms; pottery production; Temper; Trade, pottery

Pottery forms, 36; balls, 183-85, 198; beads, 183-84, 198; bowls, 41, 5242, 43, 47; cooking jars, 37-38, 41; footed jar, 41, 45; kiva jars, 42, 44, 47; ladles, 41, 44; miniature jars, 41, 46; miniature vessels, 183-85, 198-200; ollas, 47, 95; prayer plume base, 184, 200; puki, 52, 80; ring vessel, 184, 200-201; seed jar, 41, 42, 45; squash jar, 41, 42, 45; water jars, 41, 44. See also Ceramic effigies; Ceramic pipes

Pottery production, shift in, 86, 96-97

Projectile points, 211-12; by analysis year, 216; by component, 218, 220; by roomblock, 224, 227; by site context, 229, 232, 236, 237

Pueblo: effigies, 196, 197-98; pipe smoking, 192

Pueblo Alamo (site), 91

Pueblo del Encierro (site), 2, 84

Pueblo Quemado (site), 93

 

Red Mesa Black-on-white, 10, 15

Riana (site), 2, 92

Rio Grande Corrugated, 10, 13, 16

Rio Grande Glaze Ware, 97; Component II frequency, 174, 176, 177, 180-81; dates, 10, 56; development, 58, 86; paste, 73, 75; sources, 85; temper, 73-75; types, 33-36; vessel morphology, 42, 47. See also names of individual types

Rio Grande Striated, 83

Rio Grande valley, northern: archaeological districts and sites in, 2; ceramic studies in, 1, 8-11; ethnic boundaries, 94, 95; map, xii; migration to, 87; prehistory of, xiii, 5-7

Room function, 225-26, 228-29, 230-31, 232-35

Rowe (site): ceramics from, 54, 93, 180; location of, 2

Rowe Black-on-white, var. Arroyo Hondo dates, 10, 31; decoration, 32; paste, 31, 67, 72; source, 25, 85; temper, 31, 67, 72, 124-25

Rowe Black-on-white, var. Poge, 28, 31, 54, 93; dates, 10, 28, 31; decoration, 32, 49, 50, 52, 53; local production, 80; paste, 31, 67, 71, 80; source, 25, 28, 85; surface treatment, 31; temper, 31, 67, 71, 122-24; vessel morphology, 31, 40, 42. See also Poge Black-on-white

 

Sackett, James R., 3

St. Johns Black-on-red, 167

St. Johns Polychrome, 33, 93, 167, 168, 169-70; Component I frequency, 172, 173, 174, 180; Component II frequency, 175, 180; dates, 10, 180; temper, 33, 84, 154; vessel morphology, 42

Sanchez Glaze-on-red, 10, 36, 146

Sanchez Polychrome, 73

San Clemente Polychrome, 35; Component I frequency, 169-70; Component II frequency, 175-76; dates, 10, 35; decoration, 37; sources, 85; temper, 73, 148-49

San Cristobal (site), 2, 95

San Ignacio Black-on-white, 91

San Ildefonso, 81, 82

San Juan Basin: abandonment of, 87, 88

San Marcos (site), 2, 83, 95

Santa Fe Black-on-white, var. Pindi, 22, 58, 93; dates, 10, 22; decoration, 24, 50, 51, 52, 53, 56; local production, 80-81; paste, 62, 65; source, 85; temper, 22, 62, 64, 66, 131-32; vessel mythology, 40, 42. See also Pindi Black-on-white

Santa Fe Black-on-white, var. Santa Fe, 19-22, 58, 92-93; Component frequency, 167, 169-70, 171, 172, 173, 174, 177, 178; Component II frequency, 174, 175-76, 177, 178; dates, 10, 19; decoration, 23, 50, 52, 53, 54, 56, 92, paint, 22; paste, 20, 62, 64; slip, 21; source, 20, 81, 85; surface treatment, 21-22; temper, 62, 63, 89, 126-30, 178-79, 180; vessel mythology, 40, 41.

Scrapers, 211, 212-13; by analysis year, 216; by component, 128, 220; by roomblock, 224, 227; by site context, 229, 232, 236, 237

Shepard, Anna O., 96

Socorro Black-on-white, 16-17; Component I frequency, 169-70, 172, 174; dates, 10; temper, 84

Stone artifacts: analysis procedures for, 205-8; comparison with Tijeras site, 238, 239; ratios of, 213. See also Flaked-stone artifacts; Ground-stone artifacts; Minerals; Ornaments

Style: definition, 1, 3; Fourmile, 98; Pinedale, 35, 98; trends in, 54, 56

Subsistence strategies, early Coalition, 88

 

Talpa Black-on-white, 25, 93

Te’ewi (site): ceramic pipes from, 186, 190; location of, 2; ring vessel from, 201

Temper, 38, 59; early Classic period, 96-97; San Ildefonso, 81, 82; sources, 77, 79, 80-81, 83; Tewa, 60. See also Petrographic analysis; under names of individual pottery types

Tesuque formation, 78, 81

Tesuque Gray, 84; dates, 10; paste, 15, 75, 77, 80; sources, 85; surface treatment, 14-15, 16; temper, 75, 77, 155-56

Tesuque Smeared Indented, 13, 14

Tewa: temper, 60

Tijeras (site); ceramics from, 180; lithic data for, 238, 239; location of, 2

Tobacco, 192

Tonque (site), 2, 83

Trade, general, 94-95

Trade, pottery: from Albuquerque district, 83-84, 85, 96; from Cibola area, 93; from Espanola-Chama district, 81, 84, 85, 93; from Galisteo district, 81, 83, 84, 85-86, 96

Tribalization, 4-5, 94

 

Unshagi (site): ceramic effigies from, 192, 197; ceramic pipes from, 186, 188

Upper Arroyo Hondo (site), 6, 90-91

 

Vadito Black-on-white, 25, 93

Vallecitos Black-on-white, 17, 19; Component I frequency, 170, 174, 180; dates, 10, 19; source, 85; temper, 19, 73, 81, 125

 

Warren, A. Helene, 83

White Mountain Red Ware, 93; Component II frequency, 175; dates, 10; local copies of, 84; temper, 153; types, 33. See also names of individual types

Wiyo Black-on-white, 22-23, 25-26, 92, 93; Component I frequency, 167, 168, 169-70, 172, 173, 174, 179; Component I frequency, 174, 175-76, 177, 179; dates, 10, 23, 25; decoration, 26, 27, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 98; paste, 25, 64-65, 67; relation to Santa Fe Black-on-white of, 178l source, 25, 81, 85; surface treatment, 26; temper, 25, 62, 67, 132-35; vessel morphology, 40, 42

 

X-ray fluorescence analysis, 60-61; data, 157-63; summary of results, 62-86

 

Zuni, effigies, 196, 197-98

A Space Syntax Analysis of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, New Mexico

 

abandonment, of Arroyo Hondo, xiii, 30, 31

access analysis: and space syntax analysis of Arroyo Hondo, 60-64; and theoretical foundations of space syntax analysis, 44. See also doorways: justified access graphs; rooftops, vents

Acoma Pueblo, 41-42, 43, 108-14, 147n5

Adams, C., 24, 25, 26, 27, 34, 67, 115, 116, 119

aggregation: and architectural change in northern Rio Grande region in thirteenth century, 23-24; and architectural solutions to need for privacy, 118; and ethnic diversity as factor in social tension in settlements of northern Rio Grande, 115-1116. See also social organization

agriculture, and economy of Arroyo Hondo, xii, 27. See also climate; food shortages; resources

Ahlstrom, R. V. N., 24

alpha index, 43

Altman, I., 117

Anella, T., 64, 70

Ankerl, G., 39

archaeology: and applications of space syntax analysis, 52-58; and background information on Arroyo Hondo, xi-xiv; built environments and choice of Arroyo Hondo as case study for space syntax analysis, 9-19; connection between architecture and, 4-6, 8. See also architecture, ceramics

architecture: and chronology of changes in Rio Grande Valley, 24-26; connection between archaeology and, 4-6, 8; and control issues in northern Southwest, 119-20; and idea of privacy in context of Southwest; 117-18; and innovations as coping mechanisms in periods of social change, 117, 120-21, 124-27; overview of at Arroyo Hondo, 31-38; theoretical background to study of social organization and, 9-16. See also doorways; living rooms’ plazas; rooftops; space syntax analysis; spatial segregation; storage rooms

Arroyo Hondo Pueblo: Acoma Pueblo compared to, 108-14; approach to space syntax analysis of, xvi-xvii; archaeological background information on, xi-xiv; brief history of, 27-31; choice of as case study for space syntax analysis, 16-19; comparison of other northern Rio Grande settlements to, 94-108; history of research at, ix-xi, 3-4; overview of architecture of, 31-38; publication series on, xiv-xvi; and results of space syntax analysis of Component I, 68-78, 86-90, 129-34; and results of space syntax analysis of Component II, 78-90, 134-36; social organization of Component I and II compared, 91-94; space syntax analysis of within context of Southwestern prehistory, 123-27; theoretical background to space syntax analysis of, 9-16; units of analysis and inferences about movement in space syntax analysis of, 60-68

asymmetry: and comparison of Puye Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 106; and methodology of space syntax analysis of Component II Arroyo Hondo, 80. See also symmetry

Athabaskan (Navajo and Apache) groups, 116

Atwood, W. L., 137

Aztec, 44, 115, 147n6

Aztec Ruins, 51

 

Bandelier, A., 120

Banning, E. B., 39

Basso, K., H., 64

Beach, M. A., xv

Beal, J. D., xv, 31, 35-36, 60, 77, 89, 146n6

Bell, P., 23, 117

Bernardini, W., 65, 119

Blevins, B. B., 137

Bohrer, V. L., xv

Bonanno, A., 39, 57

Bradley, B., 57

Brandt, E. A., 11, 13-14

Brody, J. J., 10

Brown, F. E., 15, 39, 52, 92

Bullock, P., 11

Bustard, W., 15, 57-58, 92

 

Cameron, C. M., 22, 24

carrier space, and methodology syntax analysis, 45, 145n2

Castri, J., 53

Causey, C. S., xv

Cawley, A., 145n2

ceramics: and contact between Arroyo Hondo and other pueblos during Component II, 30-31; and decorative designs as social markers, 10; stylistic diversity of and cultural diversity in northern Rio Grande Valley of fourteenth century, 14, 120; tribal alliance system and patterns of diversity in, 27

ceremonial spaces: and comparison of Tijeras Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 100; and overview of architecture of Arroyo Hondo, 37-38; and integration values for Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 77-78. See also katsina cult; kivas; plazas

Chacoan great houses, 49, 51, 70, 118

Chan Chan (Peru), 44

Chapman, J., 48, 57

Chemers, M. M., 117

Chumo (Peru), 44

Chippendale, C., 10-11

chronological categories, for space syntax analysis, 54. See also tree-ring evidence

circuits and concept of networks in space syntax analysis, 42-43

Clark, J., 10, 15, 115, 120, 121

climate: drop in annual precipitation at Arroyo Hondo during late 1330s, xii; drought and end of second phase of occupation at Arroyo Hondo, xiii; and history of Arroyo Hondo, 28, 30; and tree-ring evidence for droughts in thirteenth century Rio Grande Valley, 23

Cohen, S., 116

complex tribes, 14

computer software, and integration values, 145-46n3

connectivity, and spatial properties of networks, 40

contextual information, space syntax analysis and availability of, 54-55

control values: and architectural modifications in northern Southwest, 119-20; and increased importance of storage during Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 92; and methodology of space syntax analysis, 51-52; and social organization of Components I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 93; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 71, 73-74, 76-77; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 81-82, 84

Cooper, L., 15, 35, 36, 49, 5, 57, 58, 70, 109

cooperation, plazas and ideas of in Pueblo societies, 64-65. See also egalitarian society

coping mechanisms, and architectural innovation, 117. See also stress

Cordell, L., 22, 23, 94, 95, 97

Creamer, W., xv, 15, 16, 17, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 34-36, 37, 60, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 73, 74, 80, 116, 145n2, 146n6

Crown, P. L., 10, 22, 25-26, 115, 119

Cuzco (Peru), 115

 

Dean, J. S., xv, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 63, 67, 94

defensibility, as motivator for architectural change, 26. See also warfare

demography, changes in Rio Grande Valley from 900 C.E. to beginning of fifteenth century, 21-24. See also aggregation; migration

depth: and methodology of space syntax analysis, 47, 54; and social organization of Arroyo Hon, 92. See also integration values

Dickson, D. B., Jr., xv, 22, 23, 119

distributedness: and methodology of space syntax analysis, 45, 46f; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 80. See also nondistributedness

Dohm, K. M., 61, 118

doorways: and access analysis of Arroyo Hondo, 60-64; and comparison of Puye Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 104; and overview of architecture of Arroyo Hondo, 35, 37; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 68, 73, 75-76; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 80

Douglas, M., 65

Draper, P., 9

Durkheim, E., 5

 

Easton, R., 80

Edlinghan Castle (Scotland), 55

egalitarian society, 94. See also cooperation

Egenter, N., 6

Elson, M. D., 10, 120

environmental psychology, 116-117

ethnic groups, and social tension in aggregated settlements in Rio Grande Valley, 115-16. See also migration ethnographic evidence, and access analysis of Arroyo Hondo, 60, 61. See also Hopi; Zuni Pueblo

Evans, G. W., 118

 

Fariclough, G., 39, 55, 57

Fangmeier, K. L., 15, 92

Ferguson, T. J., 7, 15, 53, 57, 58, 115

fire, and destruction at Arroyo Hondo soon after 1410, xiii, 31

Fisher, J., 23, 117

food shortages, evidence for at Arroyo Hondo in 1330s, xii-xiii, 28, 30. See also agriculture; climate; storage rooms

Foster, S., 39

Fried, M., 94

front-to-back arrangements: and comparison of Puye Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 104, 106; roomblocks in Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 83, 92, 93

 

gamma index, 41-42

Gauthier, H. L., 40, 41, 43

Gilman, P., 127

Graham, H., 7

graph theory: and foundation of space syntax analysis, 40, 43-44; potential uses of in anthropology, 15, 53; and topology, 145n1

Greenbie, B. B., 116

Gumerman, G. J., 94

 

Haas, J., 8, 26, 116, 117

Habicht-Mauche, J. A., xv, 10, 14, 22, 27, 30-31, 34, 70, 92, 93

Hage, P., 15, 53

Hall, E. T., 116, 117, 124

Hanson, J., 6, 7, 9, 34, 40, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 70, 145n3

Harary, F., 15, 53

Harris, A. H., xv

Hassan, F. A., 14

Hays-Gilpin, K., 10,

Hegmon, M., 118-19

Herr, S., 115, 120, 121

Hewett, E. L., 102

Hieb, L. H., 8

Hill, J., 60

Hillier, B., 6, 7, 9, 34, 40, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 70, 145n3

historical documents and methodology of space syntax analysis, 55

Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), 41-42, 109, 111

Hodder, I., 11, 116

Hopi, 33, 60, 61, 63

Hopkins, M., 44, 56

Horgan, J., 5

Horne, L., 6, 54

households, and access analysis at Arroyo Hondo, 60. See also living rooms; residence units

Huron, 13

 

Indigenous development model, for population growth, in Rio Grande Valley, 22

Inka, 115, 147n6

integration values: and comparison of Acoma Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 111, 112-13, 114; and comparison of Puye Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 106; and comparison of Tijeras Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 99-101; and computer software, 145-46n3; for kivas at Arroyo Hondo, 119; and methodology of space syntax analysis, 47-49; and social organization of Components I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 93; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 70, 73, 77-78, 86-90, 146n8; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo 83-84, 86-90; and Zuni Pueblo, 58

Iowa, J., 64

Iroquois, 13

 

Jackson, J. B., 15, 33, 56, 119

Jeancon, J. A., 68, 124

Johnson, G. A., 15, 93, 119

Journal of Anthropological Archaeology (vol. 14, no. 2, 1195) 23

Judge, W. J., 95

justified access graphs: and comparison of Acoma Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 111, 112f, 113f; and comparison of Puye Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 105f, 106, 107f, 108f; and comparison of Tijeras Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 97-98; and methodology of space syntax analysis, 48-49, 50f, 51t, 52; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 71f, 74f, 76; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 80, 81f, 83, 84, 85f. See also access analysis

 

katsina cult, and architectural changes in northern Southwest, 27, 34, 116. See also ceremonial spaces

Kelley, N. E., xv, 27

Kidder, A. V., 16

kin-based corporate social units, 115

kivas: and architectural changes in plazas in northern Southwest, 119; and space syntax analysis in Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 81; traditional style at Tijeras Pueblo, 147n7. See also ceremonial spaces

Kohler, Y+T., 22, 25-26, 119

Kroeber, A. L., 61

Kuana Pueblo, 30

!Kung (southern Africa), 9

 

ladder structures, at Arroyo Hondo, 32. See also rooftops

Lang, R. W., xv, 28

Lawrence, D., 5-6

Leach, E., 52

Leaman, P., 7

LeBlanc, S. A., 26, 31

Ledewitz, S., 54

Lekson, S. H., 22, 119

Lepore, S. J., 118

linkages, and theoretical foundations of space syntax analysis, 40-43

Lipe, W., 24

Lipton, T., 15

living rooms: and comparisons of Tijeras Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 100-101; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 72, 73, 77, 78, 88-89, 90; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 79, 88-89, 90. See also residence units

locational geography, 44

Loo, C., 116

Loomia, R., 23, 117

Low, S., 5-6, 64

Lycett, M., 16, 54, 80, 120

 

Mackey, J., xv

Markus, T. A., 3, 4, 117

McGuire, R. H., 124

methodology, of space syntax analysis, 44-52

Michelson, W., 117

migration: as model for population growth in Rio Grande Valley, 22-24, 116; contemporary studies of stress and, 117

Mills, B. J., 10

Mindeleff, V., 5, 15, 33, 36, 60, 61, 63, 68, 80

Mogollon groups, 116

Moore, J. D., 10, 19, 44, 64

Morgan, L. H., 5, 15, 25, 27, 38, 68, 119, 145n1

Morley, S. G., 102, 104

 

Nabokov, P., 80

National Endowment for the Humanities, x

National Geographic Society, x

National Science Foundation, x, xiv

Nelson, N. C., 10, 120, 124, 145n3

nested hierarchies, 15

networks, and theoretical foundations of space syntax analysis, 40-43

nodes, and theoretical foundations of space syntax, 40-43

nondistributedness; and comparison of Puye Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 106; and methodology of space syntax analysis, 45, 46f; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 80, 81. See also distributedness

Numis (Ute) groups, 116

 

Orcutt, J. D., 16, 22, 25, 119

Orhun, D. B., 44, 47, 48, 57

Ortiz, A., 115

Osman, K. M., 39, 52, 53, 55-56, 57, 64

 

Paa-ko Pueblo, 147n7

Palkovich, A., xv, 70, 93

Pearson, M. P., 10

Peatross, F. D., 54

Peckham, S., 102, 106

Pecos Pueblo, 54

Penn, A., Peponis, J., 7, 45

Phagan, C., xv

plazas: and comparison of Tijeras Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 99-100; cross-cultural Incorporation of into space syntax analyses, 64-67; and kivas in northern Southwest, 119; and models of development in northern Southwest, 32-33; and social organization of Components I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 92, 93; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 80; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 81-82, 84, 87, 90

Plimpton, C. L., 14

Poshuouinge Pueblo, 30, 68

Pot Creek Pueblo, 26, 27

Powers, R. P., 16

private and pueblo spaces: and architectural developments in northern Rio Grande, 115; and integration values of Component I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 87; and social organization of Component I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 92

proxemics theory, 117

Prudden, T. M., 15. 91, 124

psychology: and impact of stress on social interaction, 116-17; and studies of migration, 23

public spaces, See private and public spaces

puddled adobe pueblos, 31, 145n2

Pueblo del Arroyo, 51

Puye Pueblo, 102-107

 

Rapoport, A., 4-5, 6, 117

real relative asymmetry, 47

Reed, E. K., 11, 15, 25, 32, 33

refuse and refuse-related activities, and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 80

residence units: access analysis of Arroyo Hondo and inferences regarding, 60; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 34-45; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 80. See also living rooms

resources, evidence for depletion in 1330s at Arroyo Hondo, xii-xiii. See also food shortages; storage rooms

Reynolds, W. E., 10, 15, 16

Richards, C. 10

ringiness value, and methodology of space syntax analysis, 51

Rio Grande Pueblo Past, The (film) 1974, x

Rio Grande Valley: and archaeological context of Arroyo Hondo, xi-xii; chronology of architectural changes in social organization in, 26-27; comparison of other settlements to Arroyo Hondo, 94-108; and demographic changes from 900 C. E. to beginning of fifteenth century, 21-24; relationship of spatial and social structures in 115-21; and selection of Arroyo Hondo as regional case study, 16-19; and study of social organization, 11-16. See also Southwest

Roberts, F. H. H., 124

Robinson, W., xv, 27, 28, 30, 31

Rohn, A., 15, 91

rooftops: and Acoma Pueblo, 112; and access analysis of Arroyo Hondo, 60-64; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 69-70, 71

roomblocks. See front-to-back arrangements; living rooms; residential units; room function; storage rooms

room function: and comparison of Tijeras Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 100; issue of in space syntax analysis of Arroyo Hondo, 67-68. See also ceremonial spaces; living rooms; residence units; storage rooms

root, and methodology of space syntax analysis, 45

Rose, M. R., xv, 27, 28, 30, 31

 

Saile, D. C., 5, 15, 118

Salmon Ruins, 51

Sand Canyon Pueblo, 57

Santa Clara Pueblo, 60

Sapawe Pueblo, 30, 145n1

Schaafsma, C. F., 27

Schaafsma, P., 27

Schoffer, M. B., 124

School of American Research (SAR), x, 4, 102, 104

Schroeder, A., 118

Schwartz, D. W., 4, 28

Scotland, and space syntax analysis of castles, 55

Sedgwick, Mrs. W. T., 109

sequential hierarchy model, of social organization, 93

Service, E., 11

settlement patterns. See abandonment; aggregation; migration; social organization

Shafer, H., 10

Shapiro, J. S., xvi-xvii, 15, 92

Sherrod, D. R., 116

Simon, H. A., 53

skeletal studies, of Arroyo Hondo, 28, 30

Smith, M. E., 147n6

Snead, J., 117

social organization: and Acoma Pueblo compared to Arroyo Hondo, 109; and architectural innovation as adaptation at Arroyo Hondo, 124-27; and chronology of changes in Rio Grande Valley, 26-27; Component I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 91-94; and connection between archaeology and architecture, 4-6, 9-11; and effects of large-scale migrations, 23; overview of study in northern Southwest, 11-16; and spatial organization in northern Rio Grande, 115-21. See also aggregation; migration, social stratification

social stratification: and ceramic specialization at Arroyo Hondo in Component II, 31; studies of in northern Rio Grande Valley, 13-14

sociopolitical complexity, 12-13

Southwest: architectural design elements and idea of privacy in context of, 117-18; control and architectural modifications in northern, 119-20; models of development and plaza-oriented settlements in northern, 33-34; space syntax analysis of Arroyo Hondo and prehistory of, 123-27. See also Rio Grande Valley

space syntax analysis: and Acoma Pueblo compared to Arroyo Hondo, 108-14; application of approach to Arroyo Hondo, xvi-xvii; of Arroyo Hondo within context of Southwestern prehistory, 123-27; and choice of Arroyo Hondo as case study, 16-19; comparisons of Arroyo Hondo with other northern Rio Grande settlements, 94-108; explanation of concept, 7-8; introduction to theory, methods and archaeological applicability of, 39-58; origins of, 6; and problem of doorways, 37; and relationship of spatial and social organization in northern Rio Grande, 115-21; results of for Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 68-78, 86-90, 129-34; results of for Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 78-90, 134-36; social organization of Components I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 91-94; theoretical background to study of social organization and, 9-16; units of analysis and inferences about movement at Arroyo Hondo, 60-68. See also control values; depth; integration values

Spanish, and population decline in Rio Grande Valley, 24

spatial segregation, and comparison of Components I and II of Arroyo Hondo, 89-90

Spielmann, K., 11, 13-14

spine buildings, and architecture of Arroyo Hondo, 32

Stark, M. T., 10, 120

Steadman, J. P., 92

Stokols, D., 23, 117

storage rooms: and comparison of Acoma Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 114; and comparison to Tijeras Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 100-101; increased importance of during Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 92; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 68-69, 72, 73, 77, 78, 88-89, 90; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 79, 88-89, 90

stress, impact of on social interaction in northern Rio Grande region, 116-17

Stubbs, S., 24

Sudanese houses, and space syntax analysis, 55-56

Suliman, M., 39, 52, 55-56, 57, 64

Swentzell, R., 8, 15, 25, 64, 70, 119

symmetry: and methodology of space syntax analysis, 45, 46f; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 80, 81. See also asymmetry

 

Taaffe, E. J., 40, 41, 43

Tenochtitlan, 115, 147n6

Teotihuacan, 44

Tewa (Tano), 106

Thibodeau, A., xv

Tijeras Pueblo, 94-102, 137-39, 141-22, 147n1-3, 147n7

topographical elements, and methodology of space syntax analysis, 45

trade: and economy of Arroyo Hondo, xii, 27; and social interaction in northern Rio Grande region, 116

tree-ring evidence: and chronological categories in space syntax analysis, 54; for drought in northern Rio Grande during the thirteenth century, 23, 28, 30

tribal alliance system, and patterns of ceramic diversity, 27

Trigger, B., 13

Turkey Creek Pueblo, 15

Turkish houses, space syntax analysis and study of traditional, 56

 

Van West, C., 24

Van Zandt, T., 16

Venn, T., xv

vents: and access analysis of Arroyo Hondo, 62; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 80; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 83

visual communities, 65

Vivian, R. G., 91, 124

 

Walsh, M. R., 116, 120

warfare: and architectural changes in northern Rio Grande region, 26; and fire at Arroyo Hondo after 1400, 31; and social interaction in northern Rio Grande region, 116, 117, 123

Weaver, M. P., 147n6

Wetterstrom, W., xv, 28, 30, 92

White, L., 109, 114

Wilcox, D. R., 8, 11, 15, 26, 91, 117, 124

Wolpert, 116, 117

 

Zedeno, M. N., 120

Zuni Pueblo, 36, 58, 61, 112